Richard Rodriguez The Son Of Mexican Immigrants - 977 Words

Born in San Francisco 1944, Richard Rodriguez is the son of Mexican immigrants and lived two lives incompatible to each other – his life at home and school. Rodriguez revered his teachers and aspired to be like them, mimicking many of their opinions and physical gestures. At an early age, Rodriguez realized there was a separation between his school life and home life. There were certain things that could only be shared at home or at school. When Rodriguez read The Uses of Literacy by Richard Hoggart, he encountered a term that described his way of life – the scholarship boy. Rodriguez was able to finally understand that he was not the only one who lived in a world of separation. In an interview with Rodriguez, he states that he believes that diversity is something that has no value but still scares him â€Å"But the simple fact that we are unlike each other is a terrifying notion. I have often found myself in foreign settings where I became suddenly aware that I was no t like the people around me. That, to me, is not a pleasant discovery.† (London). Rodriguez’s interpretation of the scholarship boy may not be a common experience for others, although some people can pull some parts together to describe themselves – Rodriguez’s belief that education can change us in some way is one that many can relate to. My early education began in Los Angeles, California – where I showed traits found in the scholarship boy. I had a deep respect for my teachers and idolized them, similar to howShow MoreRelatedEssay on Education: Causes Effects584 Words   |  3 PagesSome of these conflicts are described in works such as quot;Ariaquot; by Richard Rodriguez, and quot;The Right to Writequot; by Frederic Douglass. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;quot;Ariaquot; comes from the biography of Richard Rodriguez, the son of two Mexican immigrants. He describes his struggle to grow up in a primarily white, English-speaking area. As a young child knowing less than fifty English words, Rodriguez began his schooling in Sacramento, California. He not only faced the obstacleRead MoreAria A Memoir Of A Bilingual Childhood Analysis1530 Words   |  7 PagesImmigrants often are overlooked and mistreated because of their seemingly lower status. Many immigrants move to America to pursue better education or work options. Many of these immigrants bring families or meet people in America and start families here. These children have challenges of their own, moving to a new home, or the seemingly simple problem of the language barrier. Congress tried to overcome this challenge by passing the Bilingual Education Act (more commonly known as Title VII) in 1967Read Moreâ€Å"Richard Rodriguez: A Bilingual Childhood† Es say1380 Words   |  6 Pagesâ€Å"Richard Rodriguez: A Bilingual Childhood† For more than 300 years, immigrants from every corner of the globe have settled in America, creating the most diverse and heterogeneous nation on Earth. Though immigrants have given much to the country, their process of changing from their homeland to the new land has never been easy. To immigrate does not only mean to come and live in a country after leaving your own country, but it also means to deal with many new and unfamiliar situations, social backgroundsRead MoreAmerican Stereotypes of Immigrants Essay881 Words   |  4 Pagesfor many generations. The country earned its title by accepting immigrants of various cultures and molding, or melting, them into the American lifestyle. However, the â€Å"melting pot† idea of America is starting to dissipate. According to a Newsweek Poll on the public, â€Å"only 20 percent still think America is a melting pot† (Morganthau and Wolfberg, par.4). As more Americans push away immigrants and create stereotypes against said im migrants, America continues to lose its title as a â€Å"melting pot.† ThereRead MoreRace and Richard Rodriguez3792 Words   |  16 Pages140 Chapter 4 Definition â€Å"Blaxicans† and Other Reinvented Americans Richard Rodriguez The son of immigrant Mexican parents in San Francisco, Richard Rodriguez (b. 1944) grew up in a Mexican American section of Sacramento. He was educated in Catholic grammar and high schools, and he attended Stanford and Columbia universities, where he took a bachelor’s and a master’s degree, as well as the Warburg Institute in Great Britain. He is the winner of a Fulbright Fellowship, a National EndowmentRead MoreHunger Of Memory By Richard Rodriquez1268 Words   |  6 Pagesfrom racial discrimination or bias at work, in neighborhoods, at school, etc., can all be challenges that people encounter when making a move to the U.S. Such challenges are described by Richard Rodriquez in his autobiography Hunger of Memory. In this passage, he explains how cultural differences between Mexican and American ways of life have shaped him into the person that he is today. He also chooses to highlights the problems that he faces growing up in a predominately white neighborhood, whileRead MoreLanguage Intimacy in Hunger of Memory by Richard Rodriguez Essay1715 Words   |  7 Pagesof Memory, author Richard Rodriguez describes his experiences as a Mexican immigrant. He tells anecdotes about his childhood in order to analyze the pressures which culture change imposed on him. Rodriguez also experienced guilt because he felt he had abandoned his Mexican roots by learning English, ceasing to speak Spanish. He then comes to the realization that intimacy is found in the feeling between two people conversing, not in the language in which they are conversing. Richard in the process ofRead MoreA New Language By Eva Hoffman And Hunger Of Memory By Richard Rodriguez1475 Words   |  6 Pagesexciting opportunities that it gives to immigrants. Lost in Translation: A Life in a New Language by Eva Hoffman and Hunger of Memory by Richard Rodriguez are autobiographies of an immigrant and child of immigrants that tell the stories of two young people who are trying to find their way in the exotic world of mid-20th century North America. Both writers began their time in the Americas feeling alienated and alone. Richard is the son of Mexican immigrants, and he begins his journey of assimilationRead MoreThe Strengths And Disadvantages Of English As A Second Language806 Words   |  4 Pagescame from Hunger of Memory written in 1981 by the Mexican-American author, Richard Rodriguez. He provides a solid argument against bilingual education, dedicated to those who support bilingual education and those who are against it. The purpose of Rodriguez’s memoir is to inform the readers of the adverse effects bilingual education has on an individual. Rodriguez’s memoir is about the struggles he faced growing up bilingual in America. Rodriguez discussed topics such as assimilating into the AmericanRead MoreMexican Immigrants And Their Mexican American Children Within The Novel Pocho By Jose Antonio Villareal1334 Words   |  6 PagesMartina Rodriguez 27 September 2017 ENG 101 Professor Arancibia In English 101 from a Latinx Perspective, the course has focused on the experiences of Mexican immigrants and their Mexican American children within the novel Pocho by Jose Antonio Villareal. This short novel focuses on the Rubio family. Though the text begins with Juan Rubio as the protagonist, early on, there is a shift and the only son, Richard Rubio becomes the protagonist. The setting of the novel is the early 20th century. The

Essay The Thieves Who Couldn’t Help Sneezing - 693 Words

The Thieves Who Couldn’t Help Sneezing There is one main character in this story, Hubert. We barely get any description of the physical features of Hubert; however what we do find out is: he is a fourteen year old boy, a ‘yeoman’s son’ with a horse named Jerry. All of them resided in Wessex. ‘A man darted from the thicket’ ‘Another man’ ‘And Another’ These three quotes; all from the same paragraph tell us that there are in total three robbers. Yet again there is very little detail about any of the three robbers; two descriptions of the few criminals there states that their faces are ‘artificially blackened’, and at least one of them had a, ‘deep voice’. In the whole of the short story there is possibly twenty-six†¦show more content†¦It’s dark and deserted, therefore minimal chance of the robbers getting caught. The only details we get of the mansion is how large it is with, â€Å"flanking wings, gables and towers†, also written is how Hubert can see battlements and, chimneys, â€Å"against the stars†. This is a far-fetched, slightly unrealistic, short story where good prevails in the end. Hubert and his horse Jerry get attacked on their way home from a â€Å"small town†, which was, â€Å"several miles† from his home. It was at that moment in the most likely of places that Hubert gets bound up and the unknown robbers take Jerry. By some lucky co-incidence Hubert was able to retrieve his legs from the bonds, and is then capable of walking freely. Even though Hubert was lost in the area he stumbled upon a mansion in the dark wooded area. Entering the place he found a banquet arranged on a long table, but no one was there eating the various foods. Strangely Hubert heard a deep voice similar to that of one of the robbers. Ensuring they did not see him, Hubert hid beneath the table and witnessed the robber’s hide in a closet. When the inhabitants and guests to the mansion arrive back, Hubert quickly decides to hide himself in a dark corner of the porch and wait until they are all back inside before kicking the door to get their attention. Hubert explained his situation to, but

And Then There Were None free essay sample

The book And Then There Was None is a book full of suspense, thrill, and mystery. Foreshadowing and irony are two main elements that make this book suspenseful. Christie also uses character development and the characters past to make the reader think that anyone could be the murderer. Self-guilt also played a huge role of why some events and thoughts occurred. There are also main turning points and twists that make this book mysterious and creepy. The biggest piece of evidence that supports foreshadowing is perhaps the Ten Little Indians nursery rhyme. Ms. Vera Claythrone first notices this in her room, but does not think much of it. This rhyme conducted the plot and murders. The murderer uses this rhyme to pick off the residents one-by-one. Another example of foreshadowing is when Mr. Blore is warned by an old man, in the beginning, that judgment day is close. This foreshadows Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on And Then There Were None or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Blores and everyone elses death. Irony also played a huge part in making this book suspenseful. Irony is used to try to identify the possible murderer. Ms. Claythorne and Mr. Lombard also thought Mr. Blore could be the possible murderer, but then found him crushed by a bear shaped mantle piece. Vera Claythorne and Mr. Lombard thought Dr. Armstrong was the possible killer after his disappearance, but then found him washed up on the shore. This irony creates suspense by not being able to figure out who the actual murderer is. After the record played accusing all the residents of murder, self-guilt sets in. In this case, it slowly drives Ms. Claythorne mad. She has always felt guilty about Cyril drowning. She actually starts to think Cyril is haunting her when she mistakes the cold seaweed on the hook for Cyrils cold, wet hands around her throat. The seaweed on the hook also does some foreshadowing for where the noose will be later. A MANUSCRIPT DOCUMENT SENT TO SCOTLAND YARD is the solution to all the suspense and thrill to this novel. Mr. Justice Wargrave planned out these murders because he thought justice should be served to these residents involved in prior deaths. Mr. Wargrave was ill and had not much time to live so that is why he had no problem ending his own life, to o. Agatha Christie is the worlds best-selling novelist of all time because of books she wrote like And Then There Were None. This book was full of suspenseful moments. The way she creates suspense in this book makes you never want to put her book down.

The Welcome Table free essay sample

Engage Introduction Into Literature Instructor Renee Gurgle January 13, 2013 Acceptance. It is the true thing everyone longs for. The one thing everyone craves. To walk in a room and to be greeted by everyone with hugs and smiles. And in that small passing moment, you truly know youre loved, needed, and accepted (Harmon, 2003-2004). This paper will discuss a literary piece called The Welcome Table by Alice Walker. This writing is about a journey a poor older black woman faces in light of racism and judgment from Christian churchgoers.Struggles of oneself and of society are brought to light with words and images from the life and mind of Alice Walker. The Welcome Table will be analyzed using a reader-response approach, and a historical approach. I connected with The Welcome Table through Its intense story of struggle and hope, as well as very thought provoking because It Intertwined the present with the past, reveals raw human impurity in the church, and gave insight to how this woman coped with injustice and how in the end, she prevailed. We will write a custom essay sample on The Welcome Table or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Pond reading this short story, I was touched in an impacting way because I have also felt he sting of a misinformed and judgmental world. Alice used tone to fire up my emotions, like the old black woman, I have also felt the sadness of being a shunned hurting outcast Judged and removed. And Like this black woman, I know the feeling of peace, love. And acceptance In the Lord. In addition, Alice used very descriptive words and image to paint a picture of this womans being and of the people and things that surrounded her.In using a reader-response approach, my feelings were heightened when the story spoke about the tattered old woman being boorishly and publicly removed from the church. I felt immense sadness and anger that people can be so shallow and hurt another human being, especially In a church setting. I longed to feel the excitement and overwhelming Joy this black woman felt when she saw Jesus, and the contentment she felt as she walked with him. This black woman, to me, symbolizes every hurting human being, the injustice of a broken world, and the evil that plagues the hearts of humanity.Alice used ambiguity, which according to Glutton (2010) means use of language that has more than one meaning (p. L . 2). The Welcome Table by Alice Walker left me thinking about life and death, good and vile, acceptance and Judgment, and deeply about love and hate. This short story reestablished things I already am aware of and renewed my passion and desire to help change the world. A church is supposed to be a hospital for the broken hearted, not a museum for the perfect. Sing a historical approach in analyzing Alice Walkers, The Welcome Table, I found that some of the struggles along with the strong will of the black woman in the story also reflect some of the struggles and strong will of the author. Alice Walker grew up In poverty with a harsh and sometimes abusive holding (Walker, 2003). According to the New York Times, Bradley (1984), wrote, belonged. She [is] a rejecter of black middle-class education and pretensions, and an acceptor of white upper-class education, but not pretensions.She [is] a southerner in the liberal north, a feminist who [is] also a wife and mother. She [is] also sensitive enough to be hurt by criticism (The New York Times Company, Bradley, D. , 2012). When Alice was 8 years old, her brother accidental shot her in the eye with a B gun and from this wound, she became scarred and blind. She has, herself dealt Ninth racism, poverty, and abuse (Walker, 2003). Nevertheless, she endures with her since of strong will. In The Welcome Table, the tattered old black woman comes from a long life of poverty, slavery, and abuse; but still, she walks on. On her face centuries were folded into the circles around one eye, while around the other, etched and mapped as if for print, ages more threatened again to live. Some of them at the church saw the age, the dotage, the missing buttons down the front of her mildewed black dress. Others saw cooks Maids, mistresses Many of them saw Jungle orgies n an evil place, while others were reminded of riotous antichrists looting and raping n the streets (cited in Glutton, 2010, The Welcome Table, Para. 2). She walked all the way to the church in horrid freezing weather.When the old black woman arrived, the reverend called her auntie and used an array words in such a way as to ask her to leave. This was an all-white church, and this tattered old woman was black. She brushed by him anyway, as if she had been brushing past him all her life (cited in Glutton, 2010, The Welcome Table, Para. 4). She refused to be stopped, she wanted o sit and worship and sing songs of praise to her King. Again, the churchgoers tried to make her leave, the young usher [calling her grandma] Went up to her and Enciphered that she should leave He did not pay him any attention, Just muttered, Go Way. .. (cited in Glutton, 2010, The Welcome Table, Para. 5). Eventually, some Unite women dared their husbands to remove her, because they could not be expected to sit there while this dirty old black woman was there. So the husbands physically tossed the old black woman out. The old poor black woman stood there for minute and could not believe her eyes. Down the street, she saw Jesus walking her Nay, and immediately was filled with peace and Joy. He came her way and said, Follow me, so she did.She walked with Jesus and talked to him and sang to him and was Just content in his company. The struggles of the author are reflected in the struggles of the old tattered black woman in the story. In addition, the poor black Moans strong will also reflects the authors strong will. Alice Walker has written many other literary works that also reflect struggles of poverty, racism, and spirituality. Alice gave extreme attention to tone and image of the words of this ace to make the literary work realistic, as well as convey a very real problem, still apparent in todays society. Alice was able to deliver such a raw and honest writing because it came from her own heart and mind and experiences. In evaluating The Unwelcome Table using a historical approach, the meaning of this writing was to bring to light racism issues, impurities not only in people, but also in the church. To reveal and make known the inward hate and fear people harbor and project on to innocents. To make known the mask society so politely wears, as if adorning oneself Math gold and silver can cover the stench of filth and evil.When the author wrote that, the churchgoers called the old black woman auntie and grandma; they know the n the hearts of the congregation and society as the body. Though this woman was poor, hated, and scorned, she prevailed. Scripture says one must die in order to live. Soon after being removed from the church, the tattered poor black woman saw Jesus, n his delight and splendor coming her direction on the highway. She smiled and giggled with Joy and content. She walked with him and told him all the heaviness on her heart, and told him how glad she was that he had come.They walked on, looking straight over the treetops into the sky, and the smiles that played over her dry Mind-cracked face were the first clean ripples across a stagnant pond (cited in Glutton, 2010, The Welcome Table, Para. 10). This outcome suggests that, though there has been and still is a real problem in society, there is also a solution, a solution that implies peace, love, and hope. This paper has discussed The Welcome Table, a literary writing about a Journey a poor older black woman faces in light of racism and Judgment from Christian churchgoers, by Alice Walker.

Spousal Violence Essays - Behavior, Human Behavior, Misconduct

Spousal Violence Essays - Behavior, Human Behavior, Misconduct Spousal Violence Violence against family members is something women do at least as often as men. There are dozens of solid scientific studies that reveal in a startlingly different picture of family violence than what we usually see in the media. For instance, Murray Straus, a sociologist and co-director for the Family Research Laboratory at the University of New Hampshire gave some statistics that blew my mind away. He concluded saying that women were three times more likely than men to use weapons in spousal violence. He also said that women hit their male children more than they hit their female children and women commit 52 percent of spousal killings and are convicted of 41 percent of spousal murders. There are also some misleading statistics about family violence. One, men do not usually report their violent wives to police, because they have too much pride. Two is that children do not usually report their violent mothers to the police. A reason why we do not see many women get reported is because the media does not encourage men to report the crime. Women are the ones who are encouraged to report the spousal violence by countless media reminders. The media always portray the woman to be the victim and the male to be the perpetrator. Men and children may not report when a woman injures them, but the dead bodies of the men and children who are the victims of violent women are usually reported. There is much confusion about whom to believe in the debate about spousal violence. On one side we have the womens feminist groups whom rely on law enforcement statistics. On the other side we have social scientist who rely on scientifically structured studies, which do not get any media attention. Americas press is more concerned with the political correctness than scientific accuracy. That is why our society is so screwed up now, because of the media. It is important to note that there have been the same kind of studies done in many countries. There is cross-cultural verification that women are more violent than men in family settings. When behavior has cross-cultural verification it means that it is part of human nature rather than a result of cultural conditioning. Females are most often the perpetrators in spousal violence in all cultures that have been studied to date. That leads many professionals to conclude that there is something biological about violent females in family situations. Women see the home as their territory. Like many other species on the planet, we human will ignore size difference when we experience conflict in our own territory. World wide, women are more violent than men in family settings. Women usually initiate spousal abuse. That means they hit first, and women hit more frequently, as well as using weapons three times more often than men. This combination of violent acts means that efforts to find solutions to the family violence problem need to include appropriate focus on female perpetrators. We need to recognize that women are violent, and we need nationwide educational programs that portray women are perpetrators. Other studies show that men are becoming less violent at the same time that women are becoming more violent. Educating men seems to be working. Educating men seems to be working. Educating women to be less violent should now be the main thrust of public education programs. Just as bad cases make bad laws, so can celebrity cases reinforce old myths. The biggest myth the O.J. Simpson case is likely to reinforce is the myth that domestic violence is a one way street (male-to-female), and its corollary, that male violence against women in an outgrowth of masculinity. I felt violence was an out growth of masculinity. But, men are responsible for most of the violence, which occurs outside the home. However, when 54 percent of women in lesbian relationships acknowledge violence in their current relationship, vs. only 11 percent of heterosexual couples reporting violence, I realize that domestic violence is not an outgrowth of male biology. There are some good men out there that will not hit back no matter what the woman does. This is an article that appeared in the April 20, 1997 edition of the Detroit News:

January 2008 Most Popular Posts

January 2008 Most Popular Posts January 2008 Most Popular Posts January 2008 Most Popular Posts By Daniel Scocco Below you will find the most popular posts of this month. Check them out if you missed any. Give me an â€Å"A†: a vs. an: The indefinite articles a and an both mean the same thing. The definite article the refers to a particular thing (†Give me the ring! The wedding ring!†) while a and an refer to any item of a certain type (†Please hand me a nail, any nail.†) But when do you use a and when do you use an? You were probably taught in school that, preceding a vowel (†an apple†), you use an. Preceding a consonant, you use a. Continuous or Continual?: Many writers use continuous and continual as if they were exact synonyms, but my English teachers taught their students to distinguish between them. A Man is Not a Widow: Last night, not for the first time, I heard someone refer to a man as a â€Å"widow.† Not only did I hear this usage, I saw it headlined across a Powerpoint slide at the presentation I was attending. The Yiddish Handbook: 40 Words You Should Know: The Yiddish language is a wonderful source of rich expressions, especially terms of endearment (and of course, complaints and insults). This article is a follow up on Ten Yiddish Expressions You Should Know. Jewish scriptwriters introduced many Yiddish words into popular culture, which often changed the original meanings drastically. You might be surprised to learn how much Yiddish you already speak, but also, how many familiar words actually mean something different in real Yiddish. Celtic: /sel tik/ or /kel tik/?: What is the â€Å"correct† pronunciation of the word Celtic? Boston Celtic fans prefer the soft c sound, but Irish dancers tend to go with the hard c sound. The Generalist vs. The Specialist: One of the biggest problems facing modern day freelance writers is whether to spread out and write on a variety of subjects, or whether to specialise in markets they are able to â€Å"expert† in. Caesar, Kaiser, and Czar: To begin with, â€Å"Caesar† was a family name. Now, in various forms, it is a generic term for â€Å"ruler† or â€Å"emperor.† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the General category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:50 Idioms About TalkingIn Search of a 4-Dot EllipsisWhat the heck are "learnings"?

Management Decisions Paper Term Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Management Decisions - Term Paper Example On the other hand, increase of stock prices causes economic growth through investment and consumption channels. The finding of this essay shows the interrelationship between the increase in stock’s price and growth of the economy. This is enhanced through consumption and investment channels that exist in the product and financial market Management decisions Introduction Management in a firm entails board of directors who are entrusted by shareholders with responsibilities of running the business because they have the required expertise. Management should hire temporary workers and upgrade old machines in order to lower cost of input. Additionally, they should also ensure the optimal parts kept in the shelf have the capacity to sustain demand in the product market and give optimal profit. It is agreed in all business circles that a firm’s management should also look over shareholders’ interest. This is in an effort to maximize shareholders’ value by engagin g in decisions that that facilitate rise of value and economic growth of the firm. In order to have an efficient financial and product market, stock prices should be addressed because it holds the present and future information of the firm. This implies that great performance of firm’s managements should be focused and reflected in price stock. Therefore, every decision made by the management should address stock prices of the firm in the financial market. This is in an effort to maximize profits thus reflecting to the growth of the economy. In addition, the management should embark on decisions that that lowers the cost of the input in a firm. This is in an effort to increase profit margin, which is achieved when cost of inputs is lower while stock prices increases. This paper work focuses on management decisions to regulate stock prices and input cost in order to enhance economic growth of the firm. Value maximization in a firm The corporate objective of managers in a firm is to safeguard the interest of all stakeholders, who includes customers, employees and the general public who are associated with the company. During decision-making, the management is faced with trade-offs which makes them unable to serve all the stakeholders at the same time. On the contrary, it is elaborate that when the management takes the right decision, there is maximization of stakeholders’ value. In addition to this, they also make a substantial contribution in the growth of the entire economy which causes the prosperity of all stakeholders (Hayes, 2001). Management decision of lowering the cost of inputs and raise the stock price has a greater influence in the economy. This is because it increases the profit margin which is the main objective of firms in the economy. According to macro economics the profit margin in a firm can be achieved through investment and consumption channels in the market. Change in stock prices affects patterns of consumption in the economy thus increasing shareholders wealth. This assumption is based on the life cycle theory, which states that individuals consume a constant percent of their present value and future income. This indicates that stock price and level of consumption have a direct relationship in the economy (Offenbacher, 2007). On the other hand, the relationship

Educationn Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Educationn - Research Paper Example She was supposed to read the essay in one hour. The first section involved four open ended reflective questions on the topic, which the students was required to answer without referring to any sources. The time allocated for this section was twenty minutes. The second section involved five short answer questions where the student was given a total of twenty-five minutes to refer to the article and class notes and provide the answers in writing. As the student attempted the second section of the questions, the teacher moved about attempting to analyse she was behaving as well as her working patterns. The last section involved one essay question on the same topic that Joan was supposed to research on and write a comprehensive essay in a period of one hour. A stopwatch was provided so that the student could time herself. The teacher then checked the work of the student and later facilitated discussion on each question during the next session. This paper is a report on the findings on re ading capability of Joan as well as recommendations. The testing was done on 21 May 2012 after which a discussion with the teacher was done the following day. After the test, the teacher also tried to research more on Joan’s performance in other subjects as well as her reading habits at home. Joan is an eighth grade student. The history teacher realized that Joan had a reading problem and decided to analyse it. Her problem was on reading speed and the much time she took to conceptualize facts. However, Joan always tried to finish her assignments and hand them in time. She is an average student but appears to have difficulties especially during exams when she cannot finish examinations in time. According to her parents, Joan does not schedule much time for reading and rarely reads novels or storybooks. Generally, Joan has a good attitude toward learning and tries to put many efforts in her work. Her visual capability appeared normal as

Virtual Childhood reflection Essay Example for Free

Virtual Childhood reflection Essay Debbie has grown so much in the last few months. She has achieved some milestones that are predominantly seen amongst infants within this age brackets. Breast milk is still her main source of food up on till the time she clocked six months of age when solids were introduced. She sucks at everything that touches her lips; this is due to the sucking reflex that is inborn. My virtual child ate fairly well; she would once in a while vomit the food if she didn’t burp. Her motor development is consistently being tweaked as she’s able to coordinate her pass objects from one hand to another. She occasionally paddles and kicks in sort of a swimming motion. Sleep is somewhat troubling because she wakes up at night to feed and she fusses occasionally for no reasons. Debbie is currently at six months and she’s able to fully identify key persons in her life. This is because of the interactive activities she has been exposed to, such as reading. Her cognitive abilities have developed with exposure to her surroundings especially during evening strolls. Debbie warms up to people after a period of time. This is because she knows the key people in her life while she takes a couple of minutes to warm up to strangers. Eventually she warms up to them. At 3months she was starting to recognize key persons in her life. By the 8month mark, she was able to fully recognize her parents. An emotional attachment had developed. She would cry passionately and we respond to her needs. According to Ainsworth the continuity of this attachment would only build a child a child who would tend to be insecure in the future.

Aztecsinga Clendinnen Essay -- Essays Papers

Aztecsinga Clendinnen Inga Clendinnen has had a fascination for the MesoAmerican area and it's history for over 30 years. Having wrote many books on the peoples and history of the region, her knowledge makes her well qualified to write a book such as Aztecs. The book is not one based on historical facts and figures, but one which is founded on interpretations of what the author believes life was like in different spheres of Aztec life. Clendinnen refers to the Aztec peoples as Mexica(pronounced Meh-SHee-Kah)as that is what they called themselves and her interpretations of Mexican ceremony as a form of visual performance is breathtaking. We firstly delve into the city and what it means to the Mexica people. Then, we enter the minds of the people who enjoy their part of society in different ways. From the warriors and priests, to the mothers, wifes and children of Tenochtitlan. Next, Clendinnen enters the world of rituals, sacrifices and aesthetics before finishing off with the defeat of the Mexican city of Tenochtitlan by the forces of Cortes in 1521. Studys into the Aztec way of life have usually focused on the Spanish conquests, rise to power of Tenochtitlan and especially into the ritual performances conducted by the peoples of Mexica. Aztecs:An Interpretation focuses more on the authors interpretations of what the Mexica people may have thought, felt or understood about the world around them. Clendinnen attempts to understand Mexica belief `not in belief at this formal level,but in sensibility:the emotional,moral and aesthetic nexus through which thought comes to be expressed in action,and so made public,visible and accesible to our observation.'1. Clendinnen states that the `account will unhappily,but by necessity,lack historical depth,'2. The sources that she has access to are numerous but Clendinnen chooses to concentrate on General History of the Things of New Spain. A book written by Bernado de Sahagun, a Franciscan monk. This book is commonly called the Florentine Codex and deals with information gathered by Indian scribes. The codex is twelve volumes in length and was collected after the conquests of the Mexica by Spain. Clendinnen states that though the Codex has fallen out of favour with scholars,`they still use them extensivly' 3. The main writing format consists of `essays-tentative,discusive explorations'4. usi... ... A few photos of Tenochtitlan and warriors headdresses, clubs and obsidian blades would increase the pleasure 10 fold. Also in places the author tends to divert to other Ameriindian cultures and use their ritual practices as examples. These comparisons can bring the ritual practices of a 500 year extant culture into modern day belief. Inga Clendinnen's Aztecs:An Interpretation is an outstanding book dealing with investigations into how the Mexica peoples may have veiwed the world in which they lived. From the daily life of a commoner to the explosively, awe inspiring lives of the priests and warriors. Clendinnen has used thoughtful insights and a fresh perspective that will have general readers and specialist readers alike engaged in a powerful and elegantly written interpretation that is hard to put down without reflection upon this lost culture. Bibliography: 1: Clendinnen,Inga.Aztecs:An Interpretation.(New York:Cambridge University Press,1991),pg 5 2: ibid.,p.7 3: ibid.,p.9 4: ibid.,p.11 5: ibid.,p.11 6: ibid.,p.17 7: ibid.,p.112 8: ibid.,p.219 9: ibid.,p.269 10: ibid.,p.269 11: ibid.,p.269 12: ibid.,p.270

Observation play Essay

Kiahi a boy of about 3 years old was playing alone stood on a small hill of dirt , at first it looked like her was just looking at the other kids play. When I kept looking at him to see if he was just going to continue to doing nothing, but watch the other children I noticed that he was standing there like a solider tall and with determination on his face. With his hand to his forehead looking about as the other children ran around. After a while I see that he is pointing to his class mates at random and looks to be giving directions, more  like orders, of some sort, although no one is paying attention. After giving off orders in a solider like manner he nods his head, as though satisfied with himself and his team though it was just him playing, and pulls out some kind of black/sliver rectangular key chain object out of his shirt pocket. He clicks on it, as if it had buttons, brings it up to his ear and talks and nods, he’s using it as a cell phone. After he is done he clicks it again to end the call and puts it back to his pocket. Then he just runs off the hill and goes  plays at the play structure, as if what he just did never happened. At first I thought Kiahi was engaging in unoccupied play, because to me it looked as if he was doing nothing at all but just looking at what everyone else was doing. As I kept observing him it looked to him that his was doing solitary play. Playing out a role of someone with authorization giving out orders, and taking calls. It was solitary because no one else was engaging with him in is play even though he pointed out to other kids when giving off orders no one paid him attention. Sophia a girl of about 4 years old with a temperament of a being shy and quite, wasn’t playing with anybody else. She was reluctant to join anybody for play. After a while Sophia looks to have acquired a play mate Elena a soft spoken 3 years old, though in some occasions I did hear her be a little louder towards other kids, they are playing in the sand box. It looks like they are playing kitchen; cooking, serving, cutting and cleaning. Throughout the play not a word was spoken, but they seemed to communicate  in their own silent way. After a while Sophia and Elena moved to play with the balls, when Sophia would turn her back on the ball and it rolled away from her instead of calling out to Sophia to get the ball Elena runs after the ball and gives it back to Sophia in her hands and points to the baskets behind her. In a silent gesture to throw the ball at the basket. I found these girls interesting because I’ve observed them for a while during the morning time when dropped off up until free play outside. I know for a fact that both  girls speak Elena even yells at times when kids don’t pay attention for following the rules. Sophia is new to the pre-school program at Head Start and cries when her Mom, as Ms. Perla informed me, leaves her but just for a few minutes. It takes Sophia a few hours to get into play with actual words being spoken. Elena is a sweet little that separated from her little group of friends to play with Sophia and to me it looked as if Elena understood Sophia not wanting to speak, seeing as Elena ever attempted to say  a single word to her. At first Sophia was engaging in solitary play, playing on her own on the play structure. In the sand box Sophia and Elena cooperative playing, even though they didn’t say a word, the worked together to prepare, cook and serve a meal and clean up after they were done. They had a common goal in playing kitchen. After that they played with the balls which turned to associative play still playing together but without a common goal because Sophia wasn’t as engaged as Elena in trying to play basketball.

Jim Morrison

Case Study on Jim Morrison Abnormal Psychology Mount Vernon Nazarene University By: Michael Moyer Tuesday, December 6, 2011 In the following pages, I chose Jim Morrison a rock singer from the 1960 and 1970’s band called the Doors; I am going use him as a case study example. Jim had abnormality and I will explain this in detail in the case study. I will also give you a comprehensive clinical background on Jim Morrison. In addition to the background, I am give you a look at his symptoms at the time of onset, severity, exactly what his personality disorder caused him to experience.After that, I will provide you with a 5-axis diagnosis of him including a GAF score. Later, in the case study I will give you behavioral explanation from a B. F. Skinner approach and explain how Jim developed his abnormality according to his theory. In the closing pages, of the case study I will provide a treatment plan with methods I chose to use. In addition, why I feel this would help him and the obs tacles I encounter in my treatment with Jim Morrison and ending, with my prognosis. James Douglas Morrison and his number one alias is Mr.Mojo Risin anagram of his name Jim Morrison and common nickname The Lizard King was born December 8, 1943 Melbourne, Florida, United States and Died on July 3, 1971at the young age of 27 in Paris, France. He died from a suspected heroin overdose and years of severe alcohol and drug dependence, which climaxed to his death in and no autopsy was performed on his body after death, and his exact cause of his death is still unknown. Jim Morrison is buried in the Pere Lachaise Cemetery in Paris, one of the city's most visited tourist attractions (Riordan ;Prochnicky, 1991).Jim Morrison family and childhood years, before he became a legend. He was born to his parents Rear Admiral George Stephen Morrison and Clara Morrison. He also had a sister, Anne, who was born in 1947; and a brother, Andrew. He was of Irish and Scottish descent. He had an I. Q. of 149 he had high intellect and that was his key to writing great songs and poems however no drive to use his education for higher learning. His parents never spanked him and he lived what was quasi-military way of disciplining. His parents always dressed him down or has a military drill nstructor would talk down to his recruits and break down any line of defense to infer his total control and his father would tell him what he had done wrong over and over again, until reducing him to tears, however he learned to hold back his tears. Moreover, he developed a great sense of hate for his parents especially his father. He never had any true friends beside the band and his wife Pamela; they were the only people that did not run from his outburst and wild and coursed behavior that stemmed from his drug and alcohol abuse (Hopkins, 1992).His onsets of substance abuse develop early, because of his hatred of his father and swore never to do anything his father wanted. His periods of drinking starte d slow, however his drugging was at severity level quickly. He smoked pot and tripped on acid during college years claimed it helps him see the world more clearly. On the other hand, Jim was falling to the grips of borderline personality disorder for example, he was aware that he is slipping into despair, and voiced his concern that he did not know who he was.According to the authors, he stop eating and went on a sleep deprivation and taking large amount of acid, because he thought he was a shaman and was doing what young Indian braves, did to find there selves in trance of unconscious and learn who he was because everyone else did not know him. ( Riordan ;Prochnicky, 1991). However, his relationships were blurred and quickly lost excitement for the people he performed for and he started to use large capacity of drugs, and this still was not enough to quiet the demons anymore.He developed an self-damaging impulsiveness personality and had thoughts of suicide for example he would cli mb tall building tripping on many different psychedelic drugs and walking on the edge with no fear of falling. In addition, his nights of sexual experiences and using drugs with many different women played a part in his mood swings and intense anxiety or depression that would last for days and weeks, because he never took the time to detox and come down from the drugs.Moreover, his chronic feelings of emptiness became more dreadful and his first line of defense of alcohol had ceased to numb the pain of emptiness. His thoughts of getting drunk, high, death, and working on his poetry consumed his daily life. When he serve his probation requirements he played games with the psychiatrist, playing him with a stream of intellectual and philosophical nonsense, and then ending the sessions shortly when he became bored. In addition, he reacted to sychotherapy with distain and scorn, but he ached deep in his absorbent self-core and harbored an ambiguous, unconscious hope that something or som eone might have pulled him up from the void and helped him stop living on the edge and testing the bounds of reality. It was around 1970 when Jimi Hendricks and two weeks later Janis Joplin died of overdosed caused by an injection of heroin. Janis’s death bothered him, his death anxiety that Irvin Yalom, wrote about caused him to have his lingering thoughts about death more impulsive, and his behavior became more wreck less.He would come to perform so drunk and high he could barely finish a concert with going to jail or assaulting someone. He also started to ruin family and friendship gatherings with being late or so rude to his friends they all left. Furthermore, he had troubles keeping up with recording session and personal tasks. My five Axis diagnosis with Gaf score, examples, and reason why I felt Jim Morrison needed treatment. Axis 1: Alcohol Dependence, with Physiological Dependence 303. 90, Substance-Induced Mood Disorder (Opioid, Cocaine, Cannabis, and hallucinogen i ntoxication 292. 9) with Mixed Features, and (X) With onset during intoxication According to the DSM IV-TR: he meets the criteria in Axis I in these ways: * His recurrent substance uses and resulting in a failure to fulfill major roles for example never on time for concerts, studio times, and gatherings * His recurrent substance uses that in most of his situations ended in him or someone suffering from physically hazardous for example, him drunk driving, climbing up to the top of tall buildings, and walking on the edge not worried about death, being rude to friends and always cheating on his wife. His recurrent substance-related legal problems for example him being arrested on several occasions before or during a concert, at partying, gathering with friends and fans. * He continued his substance uses despite having persistent or recurrent social or interpersonal problems caused or intensified by the effects of the substance for example, instability in interpersonal relationships, fa mily, co-workers, and personal relationships. He has indicated by evidence of tolerance or symptoms of withdrawal for example, he never entered the studio without a bottle of liquor, spends his days in bars that surround his motel, sleeping and partying with many different women including his wife. * Clinically significant maladaptive behavioral or psychological changes that developed during, or shortly after, alcohol ngestion for example, his lewd and lascivious behavior, drunk driving, interference with flight of an aircraft, and sexual aggressive behavior, his mixed periods of mania and depression, and ending with long periods of anxiety that lead to make him feel more empty inside. (These previous symptoms are not due to a general medical condition) Axis 2: Borderline Personality Disorder 301. 83According to the DSM IV-TR, he meets the criteria for Borderline Personality Disorder in these ways: * Jim show frantic efforts to avoid real or imagined abandonment caused by his father not accepting him as child and as adult. * He had a pattern of unstable and intense interpersonal relationships with his family and friends and alternating between extremes of idealization and devaluation, with his mood swings cause by his drug and alcohol use. Shifting and unpredictable moods and recurrent suicidal behaviors, gestures, or threats, like climbing tall building and walking on the edge extremely intoxicated. * A poor control of impulses and emotions beginning in early adulthood and evident in a variety of contexts, where his mood would leave him with chronic feelings of emptiness and was confused who he was. * He had an unstable self-image and self-injuring with reckless drinking and drugging with many different sexual partners. Axis 3: NoneAxis 4: Problem with Primary Support Groups (his entire friend able him in his actions), (Disruption of family by separation as a military family) and (his father inconsistent behavior between treating his children as recruits and exercising little parental authority) Problems Related to Interactions with the Legal System/Crime Jim was (arrested at least ten times on such charges as drunk driving, lewd and lascivious behavior, battery, and driving without a license), (harassing media law enforcement officers), and (his Arrest and litigation record left him with and unpredictable future) Axis 5: GAF= 38 current however he moves up and down the scale with his mood swings (30-40).I rated him this way because his behavior is considerably influenced by delusions, hallucination, or severe impairment with his family, friends, job, judgment, and mood. In most days caused by his depression, drug, alcohol use, and his personality disorder hindered him from recovery. Now, I am going to explain how Jim developed his abnormality with a Freudian approach on id, ego, and super ego. In addition, explain some of Freud defense mechanisms that rescued Jim on a daily basis. I believe Freud would of said that his id and ego are m ixed up and causing his motivating behavior to be twisted by him being raised in a military control family that moved from state to state and not giving him time to find himself.In addition, Freud’s psychoanalytic approach would help to explain his behavior, motivation, and borderline personality disorder. For example, he was a highly education with a IQ of 149, however, his father controlled his life by wanting him to join the Navy and follow his footsteps, and Jim wanting to go to film school and write movies. Freud would say he is struck in spitting out (rejection) mode of functioning, because everything his father made him do, he rejected it and did his own thing as child and as an adult (Fiest;Feist, 2009). Freud identified three components of personality structure: the id, the ego, and the superego. He would have thought Jim behavior was due to the result of interactions between these three components.His id is the primitive, instinctive component of personality and ope rates according to the pleasure principle. For example, he ruled by the pleasure principle which set his personalities in motion to meet all satisfy instinctual needs and led to his drugging and alcoholism. In addition, he would say his id never matured and his actions are controlled by some unconscious behavior to be like a Shaman and live his life in acid induced trance looking for his way. His id is entirely centered on his needs and wants like sex, drugs, alcohol, and writing poetry. This drove him to fulfill all his desires at the cost of many relationships, friendship, and his life.The ego was his decision-making component of his personality and it operated according to his reality principle in which he rarely seen, because of the high amounts of drugs and alcohol in his system. His conflict caused his ego and the lines between his unconscious and reality to be distorted. Freud also would say he struggled with reality principle and the tight bond he developed after he witness a car crash in the desert. There in desert was truckload of American Indians were scatter across the ground bleeding to death and he swore the Indian Shaman’s soul jumped into his soul. This event is what led to his identity crises and his desire to consume large amount of acid to see his path of life, in a many different visions and trances (Riordan ;Prochnicky, 1991).If Jim were still alive, I would use close quarters and secure measure for substance-abuse treatment with detoxification as the first step, to help eliminate all the substances from Jim’s body and protect him from himself and others enabler’s. Followed by Freud Psychodynamic Therapy and we would try free association to get him talking about all his emotions, thoughts, and any images coming to mind (Comer, 2011). I would sign Jim into long-term inpatient treatment program combined with antidepressant, anti-anxiety, and a comprehensive substance treatment program that would help him describe his dre ams in â€Å"therapist interpretation sessions, with the three interpretations phenomena techniques’ resistance, transference, and dreams† (Comer, pg. 59, 2011).If previous treatment measure did not work, because he reacted to psychotherapy with distain and scorn as he did in probation force treatment, I would try Marsha Lineman’s â€Å"Dialectical Behavior Therapy† approach (Comer, pg. 528, 2011). In this treatment, I would be helping him to cope with his disorder. In addition, this approach will teach him to take control of his life, their emotions, and himself through self-knowledge, emotion regulation, and cognitive restructuring (Comer, 2011). One other problem we might have is he like getting high, sees no issues with it, and believes it a spiritual tradition to get high and test limits of life for his sick pleasure. I hope with the previous treatments or his continue drug use he see a vision of himself recovering and changes his ways and follows my direction to brings him to better place in life.Jim’s prognosis would depend on how willing he was to address these difficult issues. The life Jim had created for he is very demanding person. The drugs, alcohol, and sex go together with being a stage performer with borderline personality disorder. I would have made it clear that he is not being forced into treatment and is free to leave at any time, but it is highly recommended that he stay. Only Jim could have made that decision. In closing, I would have hoped to see Jim recovered and see him go after his first dream of writing poetry and films. One other important hope would have seen him rebuild his relationship with his father. REFERENCES Association, A. P. ; Diagnostic And Statistical Manual Of Mental Disorders, Dsm-Iv-Tr. (Fourth edition ed. , Vol. Text revision). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Pub Inc. , 2000. Comer, C. J. Abnormal psychology. (7 ed. ). New York, NY: Worth Publishers, 2011. Feist, J. , ; Feist, G. J. Theories of personality. (7 ed. ). New York, NY: McGraw-Hill Humanities/Social Sciences/Languages, 2009. Hopkins, Jerry. The Lizard King: The Essential Jim Morrison. New York, Fireside, 1992. Hopkins, Jerry and Sugarman, Danny. No One Here Gets Out Alive. New York, Warner Books, 1995. Riordan, J. , ; Prochnicky, J. Break on through, the life, and death of Jim Morrison. New York, NY: HarperCollins, 1994.

Restructuring Energyze Essays

Restructuring Energyze Essays Restructuring Energyze Essay Restructuring Energyze Essay Name Course Instructor Date Restructuring Energyze A. Lack of internal promotions can have major effects on any company. Similarly, the lack of internal promotions in the supervising department of Energyze does have enduring implications because the supervisors are external. Consequently, the workforce is supervised by individuals who may have little or no experience with the employees their ability, strengths, weaknesses and the overall working environment. In addition, these new supervisors may face problems relating to the staff, the structure and organization of their duties and specific roles. In the long-term, productivity levels of the workers is reduced leading to low output. B. External hiring is a serious issue for concern because a supervisor plays a key role in ensuring staff carries out work in a responsible and efficient manner. However, external supervisors may not be able to perform these roles effectively. When personnel are not appropriately supervised speed, organization and efficiency are reduced at the workplace. Consequently, the company may record reduced productivity leading to losses. Continuous losses can have adverse effects on the company and can lead to collapse of the firm’s main businesses. C. Payment inequalities among the women can be addressed by making sure women are included in the overtime payment program. The base salary for women should be made similar to that of men. This can be done by either reducing men’s salary to be similar to that of men or increasing the women’s salary to a comparable level to men. D. Management can consider a few recommendations to remedy the current problems. Increase incentives and payment for supervisors to avoid hiring external ones that have negative implications. This will attract the current employees to acquire the supervisor promotions. Reduce the gender disparity by making the salary of both men and women equal. Cut the total number of labor working overtime to a manageable number. Lower the total amount of allowances to reduce payroll costs.

Examples of Organic Chemistry in Everyday Life

Examples of Organic Chemistry in Everyday Life Organic chemistry is the study of carbon compounds, which extends to understanding chemical reactions in living organisms and products derived from them. There are numerous examples of organic chemistry in everyday life. Organic Chemistry Is All Around Us Polymers consist of long chains and branches of molecules. Common polymers you encounter every day are organic molecules. Examples include nylon, acrylic, PVC, polycarbonate, cellulose, and polyethylene.Petrochemicals are chemicals derived from crude oil or petroleum. Fractional distillation separates the raw material into organic compounds according to their different boiling points. You encounter products made from petrochemicals every day. Examples include gasoline, plastics, detergents, dyes, food additives, natural gas, and medicines.Although both are used for cleaning, soap and detergent are two different examples of organic chemistry. Soap is made by the saponification reaction, which reacts a hydroxide with an organic molecule (e.g., an animal fat) to produce glycerol and crude soap. While soap is an emulsifier, detergents tackle oily, greasy (organic) soiling mainly because they are surfactants.  Whether a perfume fragrance comes from a flower or a lab, the molecules you s mell and enjoy are an example of organic chemistry. The cosmetics industry is a lucrative sector of organic chemistry. Chemists examine changes in the skin in response to metabolic and environmental factors, formulate products to address skin problems and enhance beauty, and analyze how cosmetics interact with the skin and other products. Examples of Products With Common Organic Chemicals ShampooGasolinePerfumeLotionDrugsFood and food additivesPlasticsPaperInsect repellentSynthetic fabrics (nylon, polyester, rayon)PaintMoth balls (naphthalene)EnzymesNail polish removerWoodCoalNatural gasSolventsFertilizersVitaminsDyesSoapCandlesAsphalt As you can see, most  products you use involve organic chemistry. Your computer, furniture, home, vehicle, food, and body contain organic compounds. Every living thing you encounter is organic. Inorganic items, such as rocks, air, metals, and water, often contain organic matter, too.

Moderate censorship on books Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Moderate censorship on books - Essay Example The anti-censorship groups argue that while censorship of certain books is important, it is clear that censorship abuses the right of freedom of speech and reduces the insight of learning. From a critical point of view, it is clear that a large number of books that have been censored are informative and contain important themes for learners. On this note, it is crucial to moderate censorship of books to foster the process of learning within the community. Over the last four decades, the topic on censorship has garnered a lot of attention within the public. The public have been particularly critical about the use of language within some books due feeling that these books fall below the standards of literary works. In some instances, the students had to read new books since their course books had fallen victim of criticism of the parents who cite different reasons for censorship. In the last decade, over one thousand books have been banned and the rate seems to be on the rise (Patterson 78). In 2013 alone, over a hundred books the American Library Association had to ban over a hundred books for criticism within the public. The main reason for censorship has been that the books contain vulgar language, others depicts racism themes, gayism and lesbianism and occultism. The anti-censorship groups are the Kids Right to Learn Project (KRLP) who has successfully raised bans against books that the public had formerly raised concerns about (Do ctorow 22). The increase in the censorship rate has become a controversial issue with different groups supporting a different side of the coin. The censorship of books prevents the circulation of materials that cover the contemporary issues in the society. Over the past, the public among them parents have launched complains against coverage of themes such as homosexuality and racial bias in a wide range

Overcrowding or Race Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Overcrowding or Race - Research Paper Example Most groups of humans have probably identified themselves always as distinctive from other groups; understanding of such difference is not always possible naturally, globally and immutably (Jenny 140). These features are the feature distinguishing how the race concept utilization occurs today. The term ‘race’ usage is to define any ethnic group traditionally. The major races in the world occur in three divisions into three, the Mongoloid, the Caucasoid and the Negroid. These races are determined by physical traits, but at times it may be difficult to tell whether the traits different is both environmental and hereditary (Miguel 24). Attributes such as color of the skin modification can be substantial by the environmental factors. The determinant can be indefinite or definite. In indefinite color of the skin and hair, hair texture and the eye color can determine the race of a person. In a definite situation, the structure of the head and the nose, stature, blood group, pe rimeter of the chest, length of hands and legs are the factors that are responsible in the racial description (Miguel 24). These race groups are further divide into more groups such as the Indians, Africans, Asians, Arabs, Europeans, Chinese, Mexicans, Brazilians, Caucasians, African Americans and Americans (Derrick 61). Differences in characteristics physically amongst the individuals belonging to different races are confused often with differences in behavior and culture. When the usage of the word race is to combines a set of features that are unrelated. They include physical characteristics, religion, language, behavioral patterns and cultural traditions, which distinguish a given person from the others (Derrick 62). Furthermore, there is an implicit invariable value judgment in this given sense of this term. Some races are said to be naturally and superior inherently to the others races. This is the wrong view. There is no connection necessary between languages, race, nationali ty and culture and racial features are determined largely by biological and genetic factors whereas language and culture are learnt, transmitted and acquired via education and training. Race prejudice is basing on irrational premises and force (Miguel 25). Socially race is defining a vast group of people who are loosely bounding together by contingent that is historical, socially significant elements of their ancestry or morphology. Race must be put into understanding as the Sui Generis phenomenon socially in which the systems contested of the meaning serve as the connections between races, physical features, and characteristics that are personal (Derrick 63). In other words, social meanings connect our souls to our faces. Race is neither an illusion nor essence, but rather an ongoing, self-reinforcing process subject to the forces macro of social, political struggle and contradiction and the micro effects of decisions that are daily (Miguel 26). Reference terms like white or black. A population of people has many characteristics genetically. If a few population members move to a region that is isolated such as an island, the new group of people will have a smaller and a different set of characteristics genetically than that of the population entire (Miguel 26). As a result, later generations living on the island will have different traits than from the original population. Actually, the process genetics are more complicated than an illustration that is this simple. For

Lower Body Injury Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Lower Body Injury - Essay Example In football and rugby, traumatic injuries are the major contributors while in basketball, lawn tennis, hockey and badminton sudden stopping and twisting tops the list. However, no sport is limited to a single cause. The major symptoms include mild to severe pain, swelling of the knee joint, audible click or pop in the knee, and at times knee lock occurs. The magnitude and the number of the symptoms observed in a casualty are not fixed (Engebretsen & Bahr 2011). In many case they vary depending on the severity of the injury. In case of a cartilage tear, the patient is first given a physiotherapy treatment to lessen the pain and inflammation or swelling of the joint. This involves application of ice parks at interval of 20 minutes hourly. For severe cases, the patient is hospitalized immediately (Engebretsen & Bahr 2011). Returning to the field to play once again may be immediate depending on how fast the knee settles down, swelling and pain disappearing. Although in complicated cases, this will be indefinite. This is because it is subject to type of treatment given and rehabilitation period based on the doctor’s opinion (Engebretsen & Bahr 2011). In sports, tearing of cartilage is not an injury that can be easily prevented. However, there are measures that can be employed to minimize the frequencies of such occurrences. In the field, players in any particular sport should avoid playing or training in uneven or grounds, do warm up activities before engaging in any intense physical sport and should have a knee strap to aid in restriction of joint rotation but permits knee movement. Also performing exercises that develops thee quadriceps and hamstring muscles can be handy in preventing cartilage tear (Sohn & Toth

Impact of Fiscal Decentralization on Economic Growth

Impact of Fiscal Decentralization on Economic Growth CHAPTER-1 INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION Fiscal decentralization and its impact on economic growth have turned into an interesting subject until today since studies regarding fiscal decentralization are not only considered from the economic viewpoint, but also another perspective such as politics, graphic, and other subjects. The reason conduct of this study about fiscal decentralization and its impact on economic growth is that because sometimes the findings do not give the same conclusions among the researchers about the effect above topic. It is believed that Fiscal decentralization has positive impact on economic stability and growth because it supports in better and appropriate execution of public policies. In decentralized system the government is in great position to know about the essential requirements and problems of societies. It has no any issue in collecting the useful data for mapping out any results oriented policies for backward areas and societies. The â€Å"Decentralization Theorem† maintains that i f there are different preferences for public goods between jurisdictions of uniform provision of these goods by central government will generally achieve lower level of efficiency than one that can be attained by a decentralized provision that allows for differences across jurisdictions (Oates, 1972). Fiscal decentralization cab be handy in shaping out suitable policies, strategies and can get rid of needless activities of federal governments. In the words of Bird and Smart (2002), â€Å" for services to be effectively provided, those receiving transfers need a clear mandate, adequate resources and sufficient flexibility to make decisions†. Fiscal decentralization is a process through which the responsibilities as well as resources from national to provincial governments are devolved (Rondinelli, 1981). Thus decentralization, federal government empowers the provincial governments in such a manner that can help in better use of resources, improve public living standards and at the same time to share the work load (Gordin, 2004). Nevertheless from financial point of view, decentralization may pose danger if it is weakly design so that provinces are able to externalize their costs to others (Rodden et al, 2002; Von Hagen et al, 2000). Our country is federal country with centralized taxation procedure. The central authority collects the bulk of income and then redistributes it between the federal and provinces to correct both the vertical and horizontal differences. The financial resources allocation scheme in Pakistan is fortified with rule and an independent organization, National Finance Commission (NFC), subsequent to every five years, to make sure the fair and careful resource division. However, at times different issues perturb the method and existing economic resources sharing and that could not prove productive. Deadlocks were practiced time to time and therefore National Finance and horizontal resource sharing breaches. Further this study intention to discover the strengths and weaknesses of the present financial resource allocation structure in Pakistan, in the course of the compilation of its past trends. The accurate and suitable information about the existing resource sharing is supposed to result in improved strategy formulation and therefore would eventually assist the nation to grab the growth path faster. In this regard, it is very essential to check out the impact of present resources distribution on economic expansion of nation. So the present study assists in identifying the scale of financial sovereignty of the provincial governments and increase its long run returns. History of Resource allocation in Pakistan Pakistan is a country that has powerful central control system. Two levels of government are working in Pakistan .i.e. the national and sub national (provincial). The resources distribution system all the time remained under discussion due to the competence and sharing issues. -In the observation of Jaffery and Sadaqat (2006), the resource sharing system goes through the four levels. The first level the National Finance Commission (NFC) awards decides the revenue division among the central government and provincial governments. At the second level, Provincial Finance Commission (PFC) delegates funds from provincial to local levels. At the third stage transfers are made from central to local levels and lastly the vertical resources distribution takes place at local levels .i.e. from district government to Tehsil Municipal Administration. On the converse, the random transfers take the shape of particular grants, discretionary resources for administrative, the parliamentarian developmen t funds and the same. This fraction summarizes all the awards offered during the course of time after getting the independence. The overtime development is then discussed on the foundation of chronological investigation. 1.3 Niemeyer Award In the light of the 1935 Act of United India, the Niemeyer Award was followed for resource allocation between the federal and provinces. According to this award, a major tax i.e. sales tax was levied and collected by the provincial government. While the fifty percent of income tax of the total collection was redistributed to the provinces. When Pakistan came into being, the similar provisions were carried out up to March 1952, though a few adjustments were chart out in railway budget and distribution of earnings and sales tax (Government of Pakistan, 1991). 1.4 Raisman Award In December, 1947 the Raisman award was presented (Government of Pakistan, 1991). The particular provisions were made to cover up the fragile financial situation of the central government. The federal government was authorized of fifty percent of sales tax revenue as an ad hoc measure. The remaining fifty percent was given to provinces, out of which five percent was allocated to provinces, Punjab, Sindh, NWFP, Bhawalpur, Khairpur Mir’s, Balochistan states union and residual as 27,12,8,4,0.6,0.6 and 2.8 percent respectively and 45 was given to East Pakistan (Government of Pakistan, 1991). 1.5 Revenue Sharing Under One Unit In 1955, all the four provinces of West Pakistan were combined and stated as a one unit during the implementation phase of the Raisman Award. Consequently, later than 1955 the entire country was acknowledged two identities merely .i.e. West Pakistan and East Pakistan. In the period of One Unit, two awards were presented .i.e. of year 1961 and 1965. 1.5 (I).The First Award 1961 In the light of this first award the 70 percent of sales tax and other taxes from divisible pool were assigned to East Pakistan and West Pakistan. The share of East Pakistan and West Pakistan was 54% and 46% respectively. While the remaining 30 percent of sales tax was assigned to the provinces on the basis of collection in their respective areas. The remaining duties on agricultural land and capital value tax on immovable property were given to the units as per their collection (Pakistan 1991). 1.5 (II). The Second Award 1965 The 1965 National Finance Commission was designed under the article 144 of the 1962 constitution of Pakistan. The divisible pool comprised of collection from income tax, sales tax, excise duty and export duty. However 30% of sales tax was distributed in accordance with its collection in each province. The respective share out of divisible pool between Centre and Provinces were decided 35:65 percent respectively. The share of East Pakistan and West Pakistan remained untouched at 54% and 46%. However, on 1st July 1970 the West Pakistan was disband into four provinces Sindh, Punjab, Baluchistan and NWFP, thus its share 46 percent was distributed as 23.5, 56.5, 23.5, 4.5 and 15.5 percent respectively among the new provinces of West Pakistan. (Pakistan 1991). 1.6 National Finance Committee 1970 In April 1970, this was first time a committee was made to chart out acceptable resource allocation among the federating units under the supervision of federal finance minister. The committee gave a new resource division mechanism. The resources pool was vertically divided between federal and provincial government 20:80 percent respectively. The thirty percent of the allotted sales tax was redistributed among the provinces according to the collection from the respective areas. Table No: 01, Provincial Share under National Finance Committee 1970 Sindh Punjab Baluchistan NWFP 23.50%56.50% 4.50% 15.50% Source: Pakistan 1991 1.7 Financial Arrangements in 1973 Constitution The 1973 new constitution was accepted in the majority by National Assembly either government member or opposition members. The particular provisions were charted out for the revenue allocation mechanism smooth and suitable in the new constitution of 1973. The federal government was made obligatory to constitute the NFC following every five years in the 1973 constitution. The commission was authorized to propose and asses the resource allocation process in country. So with the new and strong position, efforts were made to make sure an undisputed revenue allocation 1.8 The FirstNational Finance Commission (NFC) Award 1974 In the light of new constitution the first National Finance Commission was constituted in 1974. The DP consisted of merely sales tax, income tax and export duty on cotton under this new commission. This commission made the population only decisive factor for horizontal income sharing among the federating units. The vertical division of resources remained unchanged. Because of population as the only standard for the resource division, the provincial share of Punjab increased to 60.25 percent of the total provincial share. As a result with the non-diversification of principle, the smaller provinces were badly affected. Table No: 02, Provincial Share under National Finance Commission 1974 Sindh Punjab Baluchistan NWFP 22.50%60.25% 3.86% 13.39% Source: Pakistan 1991 1.9 The Second National Finance Commission (NFC) Award 1979 In 1979 the government of President General Zia-ul-Haq set up the second national finance commission award. This commission gave the resource distribution formula between provinces as the following i.e. Punjab 57.97, Sindh 23.34, NWFP 13.39 and Baluchistan 5.30 respectively. Table No: 03, Provincial Share under National Finance Commission 1979 Sindh Punjab Baluchistan NWFP 23.34%57.97% 5.30% 13.39% Source: Pakistan 2000 1.10 The third National Finance Commission (NFC) Award 1985 The third National Finance Commission could not give any recommendation for resource distribution mechanism. The revenue was distributed in the light of the first NFC award with the amended provisional population. Table No: 04, Provincial Share under National Finance Committee 1970 Sindh Punjab Baluchistan NWFP 23.50%56.50% 4.50% 15.50% Source: Pakistan 1991 1.11 The Fourth National Finance Commission (NFC) Award 1991 Under the shelter of democratic government of Mr. Muhammad Nawaz Sharif the Fourth National Finance Commission was shaped in 1990. This Fourth NFC achieved the success after the break of sixteen years so this award was considered a significant attainment. The numbers of constructive suggestions were the elements of this award. In the light of this fourth NFC award the horizontal resource share of the provinces registered the significant expansion of 17 percentage points which increases form 28% to 45% of federal tax revenue, (Ghaus and Phasha, 1994). The population was the only base for resource distribution among the provinces which is given below. Table No: 05, Provincial Share under National Finance Committee 1991 Sindh Punjab Baluchistan NWFP 23.28%57.88% 5.30% 13.54% Source: Pakistan 1991 1.12 The Fifth National Finance Commission (NFC) Award 1997 In this award the DP was extended with the addition of all duties and taxes. Capital value tax, wealth tax, income tax, sales tax, excise duties, export duties, custom duties (other than duty on gas that is charged at wellhead), and each and every other taxes that were collected or levied by central government. The net development surcharges on natural gas and the royalties on crude oil were extended to the provinces in the form of straight transfers. The each province was given the share from divisible pool as under. Table No: 06, Provincial Share under National Finance Committee 1997 Sindh Punjab Baluchistan NWFP 23.28%57.88% 5.30% 13.54% Source: Pakistan 1996 1.13 The sixth National Finance Commission (NFC) Award 2000 General Pervaiz Musharraf came into power and gave the Sixth NFC in which the federal government was insisting 45% out of DP but the provinces were demanding 50% of the share and this NFC completed its term without any achievement. 1.14 The Seventh National Finance Commission (NFC) Award 2010 The long standing problem of allocation of resources between provinces and federal has been set on by the momentous announcement of the 7th National Finance Commission Award on 18th March 2010. In this National Finance Commission Award the share of the provinces in vertical allocation has been enlarged from 49 percent to 56 percent for the period of the 2010-11 and 57.5 percent for the duration of the remaining years of the award. The multiple criteria formula for the horizontal resource distribution among the provinces has been applied instead of traditional population criteria which was the only base for resource distribution in Pakistan. In the light of this new multiple criterion for resource distribution among the provinces, 82 percent allocation was made on population, 10.3 percent on poverty and backwardness, 5 percent on revenue collection or generation and 2.7 percent on inverse population density (IPD). According to the 7th NFC award Federal Government had reduced its colle ction charges from 5 percent to 1 percent, which would mainly benefit to the provinces. Realizing the position of Province Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa in the war on terror 1 percent of the net divisible pool was assigned to this province. According to this new formula of resource allocation Baluchistan would get 9.09 percent from divisible pool, Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa 14.62 percent, Sindh 24.55 percent and Punjab 51.74 percent. Table No: 07, Provincial Share under National Finance Committee 2010 Sindh Punjab Baluchistan Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa 24.55%5174% 9.09% 14.62% Source: Pakistan 2006 Briefly, the record of National Finance Commission indicates the resource allocation in Pakistan generally has been ineffective. It has the both the shades of failure as well as certain achievements. On the positive side the NFC all the stake holders are kept on board and decides the resource allocation among them. Further, with the passage of time more financial resources autonomy has been delegated to the provinces and there is more realization of fiscal decentralization especially in past three NFC awards of 1997, 2006 and 2010. The resource share of provinces has been improved either due to inclusion of taxes in the DP or due to the higher provincial share in the comparison that of central since 1991 NFC award. Further the increased grants and straight transfers are channelized to the provinces. Similarly, the incentive of matching the grants motive the provinces, inviting them to enhance efficiency, have their own resource generation and obtain financial autonomy ( Ahmed et al, 2007). On the other hand, on its negative side, various deadlocks and long breaks were exercised very often due to non-harmony among the provinces and between the provinces and center. Every one of the provinces has contrary characteristics and offers different monetary opportunities to its citizens. Different importance of the provinces destabilized their bargaining authority. For instance, Punjab insisted for the agriculture yield and population as only criterion to share out the funds, while Sindh has emphasized on the revenue generation criterion, Baluchistan demanded for area and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa advocated for backwardness. Consequently, owing to the absence of consensus and failure in agreement, provinces retreat to the adoption of a single criterion, which is sub-most favorable. In last the institutional system of NFC has remained unsuccessful in amicably moving towards the progress, development and tackling the very crucial hitch of fiscal allocation and transference. The second part of this empirical work is the comparison between the local governments’ and non-local governments’ economic performance. The GDP growth rate has been compared. The first phase of local governments starts from the government of General Ayoub Khan and Yahya Khan from 1960 to 1971, second phase of the local government starts in the government of General Zia-ul-Haq from 1978 to 1987 and third phase of local government starts in the government of General Musharraff from 2001 to 2008. The total time period of local government remained 30 years so other remaining years of non-local government performance have been compared which starts form 1957 to 1959, 1972 to 1977, 1988 to 2000 and 2009 to 2012. GDP growth rate during the local and non-local government in Pakistan year wise is given bellow. Table No: 08, GDP growth rate during non-local governments in Pakistan for thirty years. Year GDP Growth Rate Year GDP Growth Rate 1954 10.2 1991 5.6 1955 2.0 1992 7.7 1956 3.5 1993 2.3 1957 3.0 1994 4.5 1958 2.5 1995 4.1 1959 5.5 1996 6.6 1972 2.3 1997 1.7 1973 6.8 1998 3.5 1974 7.5 1999 4.2 1975 3.9 2000 3.9 1976 3.3 2009 1.6 1977 2.8 2010 3.8 1988 6.4 2011 4.4 1989 4.8 2012 4.5 1990 4.6 2013 5.0 Source Economic Survey of Pakistan and Handbook of Statistics on Pakistan Economy Graph No: 01 GDP growth rate during non-local governments in Pakistan Table No: 09, GDP growth rate during local governments in Pakistan for thirty years. Year GDP Growth Rate Year GDP Growth Rate 1960 10.2 1981 5.6 1961 2.0 1982 7.7 1962 3.5 1983 2.3 1963 3.0 1984 4.5 1964 2.5 1985 4.1 1965 5.5 1986 6.6 1966 2.3 1987 1.7 1967 6.8 2001 3.5 1968 7.5 2002 4.2 1969 3.9 2003 3.9 1970 3.3 2004 1.6 1971 2.8 2005 3.8 1978 6.4 2006 4.4 1979 4.8 2007 4.5 1980 4.6 2008 5.0 Source Economic Survey of Pakistan and Handbook of Statistics on Pakistan Economy Graph No: 02, GDP growth rate during local governments in Pakistan. Graph No: 03, GDP growth rate during the local and non-local governments for the selected thirty years in Pakistan. In this graph of GDP growth rate during Local and Non-local Governments, the green colour bars show the GDP growth rate during Local Governments and while the purple colour bars show the GDP growth rate during the Non-local Governments in Pakistan for the selected years. The green colour bars which depict the growth rate during local governments are generally higher than others that represent the growth rate during Non-local Governments for nominated years in Pakistan. Further we have compared the Average GDP growth rate of both types of governments. First GDP growth rates of Non-local Governments of Pakistan for given time periods 30 years have been summed and divided by 30 thirty years and same for Local Governments. So the average GDP growth rate during Non-local Governments has remained 4.41% and while the GDP growth in the period of Local Governments has remained 6.11%, which is much higher than Non-local governments.

How Aids Has Affected Our Society :: essays research papers fc

Today more Americans are infected with STD's than at any other time in history. The most serious of these diseases is AIDS. Since the first cases were identified in the United States in 1981, AIDS has touched the lives of millions of American families. This deadly disease is unlike any other in modern history. Changes in social behavior can be directly linked to AIDS. Its overall effect on society has been dramatic. It is unknown whether AIDS and HIV existed and killed in the U.S. and North America before the early 1970s. However in the early 1980s, "deaths by opportunistic infections, previously observed mainly in tissue-transplant recipients receiving immunosuppressive therapy", were recognized in otherwise healthy homosexual men. In 1983 French oncologist Luc Montagnier and scientists at the Pasteur Institute in Paris isolated what appeared to be a new human retrovirus from the lymph node of a man at risk for having AIDS. At the same time, scientists working in the laboratory of American research, scientist Robert Gallo at the National Cancer Institute, one of the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland, and a group headed by American virologist Jay Levy at the University of California at San Francisco isolated a retrovirus from people with AIDS and from individuals having contact with people with AIDS. All three groups of scientists had isolated what is now known as HIV, the virus that causes AIDS. Lorusso 2 In 1995 HIV was estimated to infect almost 20 million people worldwide, and several million of those people had developed AIDS. The disease is obviously an important social issue. AIDS has caused many to rethink their own social behavior. People are forced to use caution when involving themselves in sexual activity. They must use contraception to avoid the dangers of infection. Many people consider HIV infection and AIDS to be completely preventable because the routes of HIV transmission are so well known. To completely prevent transmission, however, dramatic changes in sexual behavior and drug dependence would have to occur throughout the world. Prevention efforts that promote sexual awareness through open discussion and condom distribution in public schools have been opposed due to fear that these efforts encourage sexual promiscuity among young adults. Similarly, needle-exchange programs have been criticized as promoting drug abuse. Governor Christine Todd Whitman vetoed a bill in New Jersey that tried to create a needle-exchange program. She was accused of being "compassionless". She replied that she could not allow drug addicts to continue to break the law. By distributing needles, she felt that she was, in fact, encouraging them to break the law. Prevention programs that identify HIV-infected individuals and notify

Does the Media Distort Our Understanding of What Is Happening in the World? Justify Your Answer with the Use of Examples

When thinking about this question, we have to ask ourselves firstly what is the role of the media in our world? Media is defined as the means of mass communication (esp. Television, radio, newspapers, books, magazines, internet) regarded collectively. Its role in society is to inform the public, and keep us informed, about what is happening throughout the world as well as entertain us. It uses many platforms including internet, books, magazines, newspapers, television, when you walk down the street.It is all around us. It is there to make people think and encourages us to challenge and have an opinion about events and decisions that are happening and being made. But is it also used to keep the public naive, only informing the public about certain events, hypnotising them into buying products they don’t need, distorting their understanding of what is happening in the world? Media delivers us with news and information not only from our country, but from around the globe. A main section of our news is political.The media delivers us information about everything from political parties, elections, MP’s, to and decisions made. The famous quote by the CBS news anchor Walter Cronkite paints a picture of what the news networks and corporations are there to do; ‘Our job is to only hold up the mirror, to tell the public what is happening. ’ But that is only a slim part of what they actually do. Due to media conglomerates it is very easy for a corporations political agenda to be forced on the public, even the world, without knowing.An example of this is Rupert Murdock. He is the founder, chairman and CEO of New Corporation, which owns the Fox Network, BSkyB (39. 1), The Times, The Sunday Times, The Sun, The Daily Mail, Vogue, and the list goes on. It has influence in countries all over the world including United States, the biggest economy in the world, and the UK. There are many examples throughout its history where it has interfered and persuad ed the public to alter the course of politics for the benefit of the corporation or individual. One example is The Sun.In the 1992 elections in Britain, The Suns’ headline ‘Kinnock wins today will the last person to leave Britain please turn out the lights’ is one of the most famous headlines in newspaper history. The headline refers to The Suns’ campaign leading up to the polling days. The newspaper led a campaign against the Labour parties leader, Neil Kinnock, which then lead to the election day headline being that. That year, the conservatives won and the headline the day after was ‘It The Sun Wot Won It’. There are many more examples The Sun and other newspapers doing this.This shows that the media can be used as a powerful political tool to convince the public to vote for a party, for the corporations, individuals and/or governments benefits. Rupert Murdock was 13th on Forbes; the most powerful people in the world 2010, above President o f France, Nicholas Sarkozy. Is that right? This raises the question of whether media is helping people make informed, wise decisions? Advertisement are a massive chuck of our media today. Every platform for media you look at, whether it be newspapers or television, advertisements will be apart of it.Due to adverts being the funding for majority of media networks, a lot of the news corporations listen to companies demands. For instance, not writing bad press about the firms that are polluting our world, or implementing child labour on the other side of the globe. If the news agencies did this, then they wouldn't have the funds to survive. This is a massive distortion and people are left in the dark about all the terrible actions from companies. An example is the rural tribal lands of East India. Protestors are going head to head with steel giant Arcelor Mittal.The global company wants to displace the villagers from their ancestral land, and build facilities for coke smelting, and ste el production. It will destroy 15 villages and displace many villagers. As for-profit organisations are allowed to buy up media networks, they do so in order to make more profit and can use the media to distort our understanding of what their company is actually doing. For example, in 1995, when Disney was on the brink of collapse and their viewings were decreasing, they purchased the ABC network in the attempt of reviving Disney.This enabled them to broadcast their shows at peak times, as many times as they liked. They were able to report good press about themselves and able to advertise their products. Majority of advertisements are not good either. It has made societies, more developed countries than developing, materialistic and wanting more and more. Products used to be marketed for their utility and they were expected to last. But due to the companies thinking that after they sold one to someone, they wouldn’t need another. So they changed their advertising campaign to needing it.It changed the ‘want’ in the 1950s to the ‘modern need’. People are trained to desire things, which takes their attention off more important things in life. Pestering power is another ploy they use in order to sell their products. Food, drink, and other products target young children in order to pester their parents into buying the specific products. Nick Davis, a former journalist of the year and writer for Guardian, says ‘Our media have become mass producers of distortion. ’ He gives the example of a group of feral child bullies who had ganged up and attempted to hang a five-year-old from a tree.The whole of fleet street published this story in one way on another. However what he go on to explain is that the police, from day one, had refused to say that the boy had been hanged from a tree. The one and only quote that the whole story was based on was from the boys adult cousin. He had told the press that the boy had said ‘Some boys and girls have put a rope around my neck and tried to tie me to a tree’. Nothing in their says he was hanged. Nick Davis, to try and understand why the press had run this story, commissioned research from specialists at Cardiff University.They surveyed 2,000 articles from 5 newspapers (Times, Telegraph, Daily Mail, Guardian and Independent). What they found was out of the articles, only 12% of stories where composed of material researched by reporters, 8% was unknown and the remaining 80% was from second hand sources and provided by news agencies and the public relations industry. – Nick Davis. (2008). Our media have become mass producers of distortion. Available: http://www. guardian. co. uk/commentisfree/2008/feb/04/comment. pressandpublishing. Last accessed 8th December 2011.This research shows that a lot of the articles are in danger of not being accurate because of misinterpretation, lying, or other means. Due to the rise in social networking such as Faceboo k and Twitter, ‘citizen journalism is on the increase as well’. People talking and reporting the news by sharing links, giving their opinion about events and writing about what is happening, and their friends, colleges and fellow bloggers taking it for truth. But due to a a lot of these people not having the knowledge about the subject, or not doing research, these information they are sharing is not always accurate and can distort what is really going n. Take wikipedia for example, anyone no matter what their knowledge is on the subject, their intellect, education, they can edit, re-edit, and involve themselves in wikipedias entries. The system is open to abuse and means that a lot of the content on there could be inaccurate and or false. If we can’t trust our news or the people who are in charge of informing us, this isn't a democracy, its a society in which we are told only what a few selected people want us to hear and see. In conclusion, I feel that there ar e a lot of media outlets that do distort what is happening around us, and this is a big problem.From the news networks being controlled by their for-profit funders, to large companies buying media networks in order to supply the public with a false image of themselves. A large part of the problem though is that a lot people are not taught to think on their own, which makes it easier for the media to do so, or are thinking on their own but not having the knowledge to give relevant information to others. Whether it be the fault of the government, the parents, schools, it needs to change. However, not all media distorts our understanding of what is happening in the world.There are news corporations that aren’t just financed by adverts, which stops the need for the networks to listen to the firms. BBC is solely funded by taxes collected by the government, the tax on your TV, and has been running since 1932. The Guardian is another example. It was owned by the Scott Trust, a chari table foundation in which aimed to ensure the papers editorial independence and that it was not taken over by a for-profit organisation. This means that it would not give in to firms demands, and reports the news at a non bias angle.