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Presentation This report centers around two clerical wrongdoings (Tyco Scandal and Iran-Contra Affair). It portrays these two violations and gives investigation of results of wrongdoings just as speculations and strategies used to battle them.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on desk violations: Tyco Scandal and Iran-Contra Affair explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More A depiction of the historical backdrop of the case, parties included and financial status of the guilty parties Iran-Contra Affair This was an outrage of President Reagan organization. It began in 1985 and came to spotlight in 1986. In this outrage, a portion of the key figures were Ronald Reagan, Oliver North, Robert McFarlane, John Poindexter, Contras, and Caspar Weinberger among other persuasive people in Reagan organization. This case began as a push to â€Å"free seven American prisoners in Iran under the authority of the Army of the Guardians of the Islamic Revolution† (Sheno n and Engelberg, 1987). The US provided weapons to Israel, and afterward Israel sent similar weapons to Iran. The Iranian beneficiaries at that point encouraged the arrival of prisoners. Individuals alluded to this embarrassment as arms-for-prisoners conspire. In 1985, Oliver North formulated different approaches to guarantee that pieces of the returns went to Contras in Nicaragua (Shenon and Engelberg, 1987). Tyco Scandal In 2005, the Court charged Kozlowski and Marc Swart on different tallies of extortion and robbery. Charges included misappropriation of Tyco’s reserves adding up to $170 million and unapproved rewards. The two additionally furtively pardoned credits to themselves. They likewise dealt with indictments of making more than $430 million through lying and plotting about the money related state of the organization and expanding the estimation of their stock. The CEO additionally dealt with indictments of plundering $150 million from Tyco (Siegel, 2011). A portray al and meaning of the crime(s) carried out and the monies or assets that were cheated Tyco Scandal The Court indicted these two figures with different considers such unapproved rewards ($81 million), craftsmanship buy ($14.725 million), and installment of speculation bank charges to Frank Welsh ($20 million). Investors lost over $90 billion in this outrage. The organization occupied with sketchy bookkeeping rehearses so as to support Kozlowski. The CEO utilized Tyco’s assets to support his extravagant way of life. Iran-Contra Affair Though subtleties of this outrage stayed sparse in light of the fact that Oliver North and his partners wrecked a few records, a few reports uncovered that Iran got $30 million to move to Contras.Advertising Looking for report on criminal law? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Reagan bolstered Contras. Be that as it may, there were debates whether Reagan permitted redirection of monies from arms deals to finance Contras. Human Rights Watch demonstrated that Contras occupied with an efficient maltreatment of human rights. The Boland Amendment made financing to Contra unlawful. Thusly, Reagan organization occupied with mystery manages Iran and subtly prepared and outfitted Contras. Meanings of the law(s) damaged Tyco Scandal This embarrassment included misappropriation of assets and monies from an open organization. The organization additionally occupied with sketchy bookkeeping rehearses. The Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) recorded a claim dependent on the disappointment the organization to uncover excused advances of the CEO. The Court charged the CEO and CFO with 22 checks of extortion. The Court likewise accused Kozlowski of a tax avoidance of over $1 million emerging from workmanship buys. Iran-Contra Affair This embarrassment damaged the Boland Amendment, which had made help to Contras illicit. A portion of the charges included impeding equity, connivanc e, misdirecting the Congress, obliterating, and changing proof pertinent to the examination. Punishments forced upon the blameworthy gatherings in these violations Iran-Contra Affair There were a few examinations by the US Congress and the Tower Commission. None of these examinations found any proof to interface Reagan with the Iran-Contra Affair. There were 14 prosecutions of organization authorities. There were additionally 11 feelings. In any case, the Court excused a portion of these feelings on claims. At long last, George Bush exonerated all arraigned or sentenced authorities before leaving office. Hedge was the Vice President during the Affair. Along these lines, there was no detainment on account of the embarrassment. This is certainly not an ordinary method of dealing with fakes. At the end of the day, there was no equity served in this case.Advertising We will compose a custom report test on desk wrongdoings: Tyco Scandal and Iran-Contra Affair explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Tyco Scandal The CEO and CFO confronted 22 checks of misrepresentation and got sentences of as long as 25 years just as fines and pay arranges that totaled to $240 million. Their charges additionally included protections extortion, distorting business records, robbery, and scheme. Be that as it may, disciplines of such cases rely upon their seriousness and purpose of the guilty party. Arrangements set up to battle this sort of wrongdoing Tyco Scandal Key approaches to battle corporate embarrassments are in corporate administration standards of the organization. Be that as it may, obviously the CEO, who additionally filled in as the executive of the board, had control over chiefs of the board. Based expanding instances of monetary outrages in enormous associations, it is basic for associations to bring into line their corporate administration standards with the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and Dodd-Frank Act of 2010. These Acts secure investors against uncont rolled abundances and misappropriation of assets by CEOs and other senior administrators. The Acts endeavor to make free sheets, which are not inclined to outside impedance. There are likewise SEC necessities and NASDAQ arrangements as approaches to battle corporate extortion. Iran-Contra Affair The US has an arrangement of no concession and exchange with fear based oppressors. By consenting to exchange arms request to make sure about opportunity of the prisoners, the US conflicted with this rule. The Boland Amendment made such help to Contras illicit. Be that as it may, senior individuals in the organization of Reagan damaged this alteration through mystery bargains. The money related effect coming about because of the wrongdoing Tyco Scandal According to Neumann, Tyco had â€Å"$28 billion in the red, and its investors had lost over $90 billion, in excess of 80 percent of Tyco’s top market an incentive by 2002† (Neumann, 2011).Advertising Searching for report on criminal law? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Find out More Iran Contra Affair The subtleties of this embarrassment stayed insufficient in any event, during the request. In any case, Howard Zinn alluded to some $30 million as the measure of cash Iran got to send to Contras (Zinn, 2003). An examination on the discipline of cubicle crooks Iran-Contra Affair For this situation, arraignments and feelings didn't fill their needs. This is on the grounds that the Court dropped most cases on ensuing interests. In any case, George Bush absolved all convicts during his last term in office. Tyco Scandal This is a benchmark discipline for senior administrators engaged with theft of companies’ assets and assets. The two convicts got as long as 25 years with fines and pay orders adding up to $240 million. The contrast between professional wrongdoing and other conventional kinds of violations Unlike customary violations, cushy wrongdoings are intricate and include the utilization of authentic undertakings so as to increase unlawful benefits or give c rimes. A portion of these exercises are unpredictable to such an extent that they take quite a long while to fathom considerably after their disclosures. Siegel noticed that salaried violations result from justification of guilty parties. They can take part in crimes without trading off their qualities and meet their own money related issues. Another hypothesis is the corporate culture see, which contends that undertakings apply exorbitant requests on representatives and endure aberrance of workers as new representatives learn procedures of carrying out violations. At last, poise see places that such crooks have low discretion and don't consider long haul outcomes of their exercises (Siegel, 2011). Effects of the exploration on the significance of moral and expert conduct in the working environment This examination shows that desk wrongdoings don't pay. Then again, keeping up proficient conduct develops the business for its partners and sets exclusive expectations in the association . It additionally shows that individuals taking part in cushy violations obliterate their professions and associations. References Neumann, C. (2011). Tyco International embarrassment: History of Business in the U.S. Web. Shenon, P. what's more, Engelberg, S. (1987). Eight Important Days in November: Unraveling the Iran-Contra Affair. Recovered from https://www.nytimes.com/1987/07/05/world/eight-significant days-in-november-unwinding the-iran-contra-affair.html Siegel, L. J. (2011). Criminology: The Core (fourth ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Cengage Learning. Zinn, H. (2003). A People’s History of the United States. New York: Perennial. This report on cushy violations: Tyco Scandal and Iran-Contra Affair was composed and put together by client MoleculeMan to help you with your own investigations. You are allowed to utilize it for exploration and reference purposes so as to compose your own paper; be that as it may, you should refer to it in like manner. You can give your paper here.

ON WHAT BASIS DOES A MULTINATIONAL FIRM CHOOSE PEOPLE FOR Essay

ON WHAT BASIS DOES A MULTINATIONAL FIRM CHOOSE PEOPLE FOR INTERNATIONAL ASSIGNMENT IDENTIFY, AND DISCUSS AT LEAST TWO - Essay Example ves familiar with the regularly changing job of Information Technology and such inside the business quarters just as learn for their own advancement the various systems through which they can utilize the business procedures and the board exercises in a consistent and brisk way. This implies they should adjust themselves to the progressed mechanical applications and that too in a speedy manner on the grounds that the corporate universe of present occasions is moving. Along these lines the preparation needs are a lot of required inside any association since the equivalent would guarantee that all the workers comprehend what they are doing and there are as such no hiccups in the workplace place in a manner of speaking. (Cappelli, 1999) More than all else, the laborers must realize what the ultimate objective for the business resembles and on what parameters achievement is estimated the extent that the top administration of the association is concerned. There must be harmony in their wor king components with the goal that they are all on a similar frequency regardless of how trying or intense the conditions end up being. One of the most fundamental preparing programs is to ensure that all the workers figure out how to utilize the Information Technology devices and philosophies that are in accordance with the current day systems. This would promise them achievement immediately since they would all be on a similar level the extent that comprehension of the IT world is concerned. At that point they should be prepared about the various deals power components like Sales Force Automation (SFA) techniques and so forth. On the off chance that the laborers hail from the obtainment and business advancement side, at that point there ought to prepare in the Just In Time (JIT) and Business Development Re-building modules. (Taylor, 1999) In an office place, there are sure occasions when it is ideal to pick various individuals for the different employments that are alloted in the workplace. This remains constant for the method of reasoning that a solitary individual can't and won't have the option to accomplish his work just as the

10 Tips to Nail Your Job Interview

10 Tips to Nail Your Job Interview 10 Tips to Nail Your Job Interview 10 Tips to Nail Your Job InterviewAre you prepared for interviewers to throw you a curveball? Do you have questions of your own ready about the role and the company? How should you dress?Applying for jobs in 2019 is like sitting on a desert island, writing a message, putting that message into a bottle, and then throwing that bottle directly into a black hole.Unless you know someone who works at the company you’re applying to, you’re probably applying through some sort of online portal in exchange for an automated confirmation email. Odds are you’ll never hear from them again. Or maybe you’ll get a rejection email months after you’d forgotten about the position.It’s a numbers game: The more jobs you apply to, the more likely you’ll be to get a job interview. But the challenges don’t end there! You still have to nail the interview. Here are ten tips for doing just that.1. Do your research.Acing an interview is often about more than just having the right skills and knowl edge for the position. It’s also important to have knowledge of the specific company you’re interviewing with.“Research the company and have questions about the role and the organization,” urged certified human resources professional Rebecca Francoline. “As a recruiter, it is so disappointing to get to the end of the conversation and the person has no questions at all. You will be spending 40+ hours a week at work, you should want to know more.”Dave Lane, CEO of Inventiv Tools (@inventivtools), offered some good resources to consider when researching your potential employer:“First and foremost, do your research on your potential employer. Read their website, find key team membersâ€"especially those who may be in your interviewâ€"on LinkedIn and other social media, and learn what makes them stand out from other potential employers.Researching the company for an hour or two will give you great opportunities during the interview to show how deep your interest in the compa ny goes. Your research is a jumping-off point for helping interviewers go off script and make a real connection with you.“To show youre someone that does their homework, a statement like this goes a long way: ‘I read on your site that youre doing X, which I find interesting. I didnt see anyone else in the industry doing this. What led you to do X?’”2. Dress for the job you want (as long as it’s the one you’re interviewing for).While it might be nice to live in a society where employers don’t take your appearance into account, it is not the society we live in. As such, the way you dress is going to make a strong first impression, and you want it to be a positive one.“Visit the companys Instagram to see what the companys vibe is,” suggested Christian Eilers, a career expert at Zety (@zety_com). “If the employees dress casual and an office dog is running aroundâ€"thats a signal not to wear a suit and tie for your interview. Try to blend in and be respectful of the c ompanys culture. Show them that you fit in. Smile. If you are stressed or nervousâ€"feel free to admit it and make a small joke about it. Thats all natural.That being said, being too casual can also be a significant misstep.“This may seem obvious but the trend seems to be leaning towards business casual outfits,” explained Certified Lifestyle Leadership Coach Joanne Newborn (@JoanneNewborn). “Regardless, wear the suit, wear the professional dress, and wear the right shoes. There is a saying that goes… ‘Dress for the role you WANT, not the role you have.’ Fantastic advice.Be sure to wow them (and I mean anyone you come in contact with at the company) with your first impression. That is the one the interviewer is going to remember. You can never take that first impression back â€" dress to impress.”There may not be one definite answer to exactly how you should dress, but it’s definitely something you should put thought into.3. Practice, practice, practice.Getting good at something often takes practice. Getting good at interviewing is not an exception.“Look up common interview questions and practice answering them out loud,” advised Francoline. “Sometimes what sounds good in our heads actually is very awkward when spoken, so get comfortable talking about yourself.You may not be asked the same questions but thats OK because you will have the practice in articulating your professional experience.”4. Connect off the bat.Making a good impression isn’t just about what you’re wearing.“Have a firm handshake and look people in the eye when you greet them,” recommended Lane. “Its not about having the strongest grip or appearing bold. Its about making a connection through eye contact and acknowledging your interviewers as people. People dont trust people who cant look them in the eye.”It’s also worth trying to make a personal connection.“If you share a hobby or educational background with one of your interviewers, try to work it int o the conversation,” offered Lane. “Signal that you are not only a technical fit for the job description but also an interesting and engaging person your interviewers will want to work with.”5. Show your enthusiasm.Is this your dream job? Maybe, maybe not. But it’s probably a good idea to treat the interview as though it was. You took the time to come to the interview, so at this point, there’s nothing to lose from giving it your all.“Confidence is important but arrogance is a turn-off,” explained Newborn. “Interviewers are looking for someone who is excited to work on their team and someone who is passionate about the company. That being said, a little nervous energy is great. It shows that the interview is important to you.”6. Come with something to offer.It’s not just enough to answer the questions you’re asked. If you really want to impress the interviewer, you should be ready to volunteer information of your own.“Bring success stories,” advised Newborn . “Prepare your best success stories, big wins, and how you overcame business challenges in past companies. Even great success stories from when you were getting your bachelor’s degree or MBA; or perhaps you are on your condo board or another position with an organization or head up a volunteer group, etc.Managers want to see how you define success and how you will bring that kind of success to my team. Don’t just have one or two or three â€" have ten, so that you can pull out the right story for the question the interviewer is asking. This goes the extra mileâ€"it shows you put the time and energy into your own career growth.“Companies today move at the speed of light. Workloads are heavier than employees can bear.  Directors and VP’s need teams that can find solutions to problems FAST. Illustrate how you are solution focused and how YOU find solutions to problems.Remember that the interviewer has a need to fillâ€"he or she is looking for someone as quickly as possible t o fill that need. The more you can show you are the one finding solutions to their problems, the quicker you will move into the role.”7. Be ready for tough questions.You might be asked a question you don’t know the answer to. That’s okay! You don’t just have to throw up your hands and walk out on the spot. That will pretty much guarantee you do not get the job.“If you dont know the answer to some technical question asked in the interview, ask a followup question to increase your understanding,” suggested Lane. “Employers understand that you wont know everything.However, they want to know your limits. Are you someone who just knows what they know and accepts that limitation, or are you someone who will dig into the things you dont know and increase your professional mastery?“If you dont know an answer but have a theory about what it could be, share that as well. ‘I dont know for sure, but I believe the concept youre asking about works this way’ demonstrates your t hinking processes and intellect far better than ‘I dont know the answer.’8. Ask some questions of your own.It’s a classic job interview tip: you should be speaking more than they are. And that means coming prepared with your own questions.“Be sure to come prepared with a list of questions,” offered Newborn. “You are interviewing the company and your new potential boss as much as they are interviewing you. What do you want to know about the company, the department, the team? Refrain from asking questions regarding salary, vacation time, benefits, etc.â€"get the offer first. Some good questions might be:“‘What are your biggest challenges that you are seeking a candidate to solve?’‘What are the three favorite things that you love about working for XXX company?’‘What is the growth potential from this role?’“There are many insightful questions that both help get an insight into the company and also illustrate a candidate’s intelligence level.”9. Be yoursel f.You can try and make a new identity just for this job interview. But if you are hired, it’s going to be pretty exhausting maintaining that persona every work day going forwards.“Job interviews can put a lot of pressure on candidates, whereby they feel like they are going in for a big audition and have to give the performance of a lifetime,” acknowledged Susan Braakman, Operations Manager and HR expert with Seuss Recruitment in Amsterdam.“However, the key to success is simply to be yourself. Truthfully display your skills, experience,  and personality. Ensuring that your personality shines through, will allow the interviewers to assess how well you fit within the team.When you do not stay true to yourself and transform into someone else, this can result in a poor fit between you and your new teamâ€"which will most likely end up in disappointment for both parties.”10. Follow up.When you’re competing against so many candidates, it’s important to give yourself every adva ntage possible. And that means making an effort to stay at the forefront of the interviewer’s mind, even after the interview.“Hopefully, by the time the interview is finished you have made a great impression already,” explained Eilers. “But I do not know a single hiring manager that would frown upon an extra thank you email landing in his mailbox. You can add the recruiters to your LinkedIn contacts (beware though of stalking their Facebook or Instagram profiles- keep it professional).If you havent heard from a recruiter, follow up with a quick email or a phone call. If a hiring manager is on the fence about choosing between a few applicants, he will most likely go for the one that cares the most and shows persistence.Now go out there and nail the interview. We’re rooting for you! For more tips on navigating the job market and maximizing your potential earnings, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:10 Skills You’ll Need in the Job Market of TomorrowThe Pros and Cons (and Scams) of Trade School10 Tips to Help You Score That Big Promotion6 Common Resume Mistakes to Avoid!Do you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsSusan Braakman, the Operations Manager at  Seuss Recruitment, has a passion for Recruitment and Human Resources. After more than 15 years of industry experience filled with beautiful stories and life-changing moments, she has built up an impressive network. She is dedicated to attracting and retaining high potential talent, and has placed more than 200 professionals into new roles. Susan’s positive energy shines over the people around her.Christian Eilers is a career expert who has been writing for  Zety (@zety_com) since 2017. From job hunting, acing interviews to settling in on the first days at a new career, his guides cover the entire career spectrum.Rebecca Francoline, President of  Go Write2Hire, is committed to helping her clients achieve their professional goals. The job search process is an experience where you want a professional, such as Rebecca in your corner who is an expert in resume design, recruiting practices, applicant tracking software (ATS) systems, interviewing, and offer negotiations. Dedicated to her profession and clients, Rebecca is a Certified Professional Resume Writer (CPRW) and a Certified Professional in Human Resources (PHR) and maintains her credentials through continuing education in both fields of HR and resume writing. She is also a member of the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), National Resume Writers Association (NRWA), and the Professional Association of Resume Writers Career Coaches (PARW/CC).Dave Lane is the CEO of  Inventiv Tools (@inventivtools). Over the past ten years, he has led software engineering teams ranging from five people to 150 people. Working his way up from software developer to CTO, he learned that people problems are much mo re challenging and interesting than technical problems. Dave now uses his experience to help companies better support their employees. He holds a B.S. in Computer Science from Tennessee Technological University. In his spare time, Dave pretends he still knows how to write software.Joanne Newborn (@JoanneNewborn) is a Certified Lifestyle Leadership Coach as well as a Director with the World’s largest producer of Spirits.  She has her MBA from Penn State University (Beta Gamma Sigma) and her Certification from the Academy of Jungian Spiritual Psychology. Her blog and coaching business, Newborn Evolution, focuses on Lifestyle Leadership Transformation with a Jungian Twist.  Joanne is a contributing writer to several publications and has two blogs on her website, NewbornEvolution.com.  She is grateful for nearly everything. 10 Tips to Nail Your Job Interview 10 Tips to Nail Your Job Interview 10 Tips to Nail Your Job InterviewAre you prepared for interviewers to throw you a curveball? Do you have questions of your own ready about the role and the company? How should you dress?Applying for jobs in 2019 is like sitting on a desert island, writing a message, putting that message into a bottle, and then throwing that bottle directly into a black hole.Unless you know someone who works at the company you’re applying to, you’re probably applying through some sort of online portal in exchange for an automated confirmation email. Odds are you’ll never hear from them again. Or maybe you’ll get a rejection email months after you’d forgotten about the position.It’s a numbers game: The more jobs you apply to, the more likely you’ll be to get a job interview. But the challenges don’t end there! You still have to nail the interview. Here are ten tips for doing just that.1. Do your research.Acing an interview is often about more than just having the right skills and knowl edge for the position. It’s also important to have knowledge of the specific company you’re interviewing with.“Research the company and have questions about the role and the organization,” urged certified human resources professional Rebecca Francoline. “As a recruiter, it is so disappointing to get to the end of the conversation and the person has no questions at all. You will be spending 40+ hours a week at work, you should want to know more.”Dave Lane, CEO of Inventiv Tools (@inventivtools), offered some good resources to consider when researching your potential employer:“First and foremost, do your research on your potential employer. Read their website, find key team membersâ€"especially those who may be in your interviewâ€"on LinkedIn and other social media, and learn what makes them stand out from other potential employers.Researching the company for an hour or two will give you great opportunities during the interview to show how deep your interest in the compa ny goes. Your research is a jumping-off point for helping interviewers go off script and make a real connection with you.“To show youre someone that does their homework, a statement like this goes a long way: ‘I read on your site that youre doing X, which I find interesting. I didnt see anyone else in the industry doing this. What led you to do X?’”2. Dress for the job you want (as long as it’s the one you’re interviewing for).While it might be nice to live in a society where employers don’t take your appearance into account, it is not the society we live in. As such, the way you dress is going to make a strong first impression, and you want it to be a positive one.“Visit the companys Instagram to see what the companys vibe is,” suggested Christian Eilers, a career expert at Zety (@zety_com). “If the employees dress casual and an office dog is running aroundâ€"thats a signal not to wear a suit and tie for your interview. Try to blend in and be respectful of the c ompanys culture. Show them that you fit in. Smile. If you are stressed or nervousâ€"feel free to admit it and make a small joke about it. Thats all natural.That being said, being too casual can also be a significant misstep.“This may seem obvious but the trend seems to be leaning towards business casual outfits,” explained Certified Lifestyle Leadership Coach Joanne Newborn (@JoanneNewborn). “Regardless, wear the suit, wear the professional dress, and wear the right shoes. There is a saying that goes… ‘Dress for the role you WANT, not the role you have.’ Fantastic advice.Be sure to wow them (and I mean anyone you come in contact with at the company) with your first impression. That is the one the interviewer is going to remember. You can never take that first impression back â€" dress to impress.”There may not be one definite answer to exactly how you should dress, but it’s definitely something you should put thought into.3. Practice, practice, practice.Getting good at something often takes practice. Getting good at interviewing is not an exception.“Look up common interview questions and practice answering them out loud,” advised Francoline. “Sometimes what sounds good in our heads actually is very awkward when spoken, so get comfortable talking about yourself.You may not be asked the same questions but thats OK because you will have the practice in articulating your professional experience.”4. Connect off the bat.Making a good impression isn’t just about what you’re wearing.“Have a firm handshake and look people in the eye when you greet them,” recommended Lane. “Its not about having the strongest grip or appearing bold. Its about making a connection through eye contact and acknowledging your interviewers as people. People dont trust people who cant look them in the eye.”It’s also worth trying to make a personal connection.“If you share a hobby or educational background with one of your interviewers, try to work it int o the conversation,” offered Lane. “Signal that you are not only a technical fit for the job description but also an interesting and engaging person your interviewers will want to work with.”5. Show your enthusiasm.Is this your dream job? Maybe, maybe not. But it’s probably a good idea to treat the interview as though it was. You took the time to come to the interview, so at this point, there’s nothing to lose from giving it your all.“Confidence is important but arrogance is a turn-off,” explained Newborn. “Interviewers are looking for someone who is excited to work on their team and someone who is passionate about the company. That being said, a little nervous energy is great. It shows that the interview is important to you.”6. Come with something to offer.It’s not just enough to answer the questions you’re asked. If you really want to impress the interviewer, you should be ready to volunteer information of your own.“Bring success stories,” advised Newborn . “Prepare your best success stories, big wins, and how you overcame business challenges in past companies. Even great success stories from when you were getting your bachelor’s degree or MBA; or perhaps you are on your condo board or another position with an organization or head up a volunteer group, etc.Managers want to see how you define success and how you will bring that kind of success to my team. Don’t just have one or two or three â€" have ten, so that you can pull out the right story for the question the interviewer is asking. This goes the extra mileâ€"it shows you put the time and energy into your own career growth.“Companies today move at the speed of light. Workloads are heavier than employees can bear.  Directors and VP’s need teams that can find solutions to problems FAST. Illustrate how you are solution focused and how YOU find solutions to problems.Remember that the interviewer has a need to fillâ€"he or she is looking for someone as quickly as possible t o fill that need. The more you can show you are the one finding solutions to their problems, the quicker you will move into the role.”7. Be ready for tough questions.You might be asked a question you don’t know the answer to. That’s okay! You don’t just have to throw up your hands and walk out on the spot. That will pretty much guarantee you do not get the job.“If you dont know the answer to some technical question asked in the interview, ask a followup question to increase your understanding,” suggested Lane. “Employers understand that you wont know everything.However, they want to know your limits. Are you someone who just knows what they know and accepts that limitation, or are you someone who will dig into the things you dont know and increase your professional mastery?“If you dont know an answer but have a theory about what it could be, share that as well. ‘I dont know for sure, but I believe the concept youre asking about works this way’ demonstrates your t hinking processes and intellect far better than ‘I dont know the answer.’8. Ask some questions of your own.It’s a classic job interview tip: you should be speaking more than they are. And that means coming prepared with your own questions.“Be sure to come prepared with a list of questions,” offered Newborn. “You are interviewing the company and your new potential boss as much as they are interviewing you. What do you want to know about the company, the department, the team? Refrain from asking questions regarding salary, vacation time, benefits, etc.â€"get the offer first. Some good questions might be:“‘What are your biggest challenges that you are seeking a candidate to solve?’‘What are the three favorite things that you love about working for XXX company?’‘What is the growth potential from this role?’“There are many insightful questions that both help get an insight into the company and also illustrate a candidate’s intelligence level.”9. Be yoursel f.You can try and make a new identity just for this job interview. But if you are hired, it’s going to be pretty exhausting maintaining that persona every work day going forwards.“Job interviews can put a lot of pressure on candidates, whereby they feel like they are going in for a big audition and have to give the performance of a lifetime,” acknowledged Susan Braakman, Operations Manager and HR expert with Seuss Recruitment in Amsterdam.“However, the key to success is simply to be yourself. Truthfully display your skills, experience,  and personality. Ensuring that your personality shines through, will allow the interviewers to assess how well you fit within the team.When you do not stay true to yourself and transform into someone else, this can result in a poor fit between you and your new teamâ€"which will most likely end up in disappointment for both parties.”10. Follow up.When you’re competing against so many candidates, it’s important to give yourself every adva ntage possible. And that means making an effort to stay at the forefront of the interviewer’s mind, even after the interview.“Hopefully, by the time the interview is finished you have made a great impression already,” explained Eilers. “But I do not know a single hiring manager that would frown upon an extra thank you email landing in his mailbox. You can add the recruiters to your LinkedIn contacts (beware though of stalking their Facebook or Instagram profiles- keep it professional).If you havent heard from a recruiter, follow up with a quick email or a phone call. If a hiring manager is on the fence about choosing between a few applicants, he will most likely go for the one that cares the most and shows persistence.Now go out there and nail the interview. We’re rooting for you! For more tips on navigating the job market and maximizing your potential earnings, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:10 Skills You’ll Need in the Job Market of TomorrowThe Pros and Cons (and Scams) of Trade School10 Tips to Help You Score That Big Promotion6 Common Resume Mistakes to Avoid!Do you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsSusan Braakman, the Operations Manager at  Seuss Recruitment, has a passion for Recruitment and Human Resources. After more than 15 years of industry experience filled with beautiful stories and life-changing moments, she has built up an impressive network. She is dedicated to attracting and retaining high potential talent, and has placed more than 200 professionals into new roles. Susan’s positive energy shines over the people around her.Christian Eilers is a career expert who has been writing for  Zety (@zety_com) since 2017. From job hunting, acing interviews to settling in on the first days at a new career, his guides cover the entire career spectrum.Rebecca Francoline, President of  Go Write2Hire, is committed to helping her clients achieve their professional goals. The job search process is an experience where you want a professional, such as Rebecca in your corner who is an expert in resume design, recruiting practices, applicant tracking software (ATS) systems, interviewing, and offer negotiations. Dedicated to her profession and clients, Rebecca is a Certified Professional Resume Writer (CPRW) and a Certified Professional in Human Resources (PHR) and maintains her credentials through continuing education in both fields of HR and resume writing. She is also a member of the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), National Resume Writers Association (NRWA), and the Professional Association of Resume Writers Career Coaches (PARW/CC).Dave Lane is the CEO of  Inventiv Tools (@inventivtools). Over the past ten years, he has led software engineering teams ranging from five people to 150 people. Working his way up from software developer to CTO, he learned that people problems are much mo re challenging and interesting than technical problems. Dave now uses his experience to help companies better support their employees. He holds a B.S. in Computer Science from Tennessee Technological University. In his spare time, Dave pretends he still knows how to write software.Joanne Newborn (@JoanneNewborn) is a Certified Lifestyle Leadership Coach as well as a Director with the World’s largest producer of Spirits.  She has her MBA from Penn State University (Beta Gamma Sigma) and her Certification from the Academy of Jungian Spiritual Psychology. Her blog and coaching business, Newborn Evolution, focuses on Lifestyle Leadership Transformation with a Jungian Twist.  Joanne is a contributing writer to several publications and has two blogs on her website, NewbornEvolution.com.  She is grateful for nearly everything. 10 Tips to Nail Your Job Interview 10 Tips to Nail Your Job Interview 10 Tips to Nail Your Job InterviewAre you prepared for interviewers to throw you a curveball? Do you have questions of your own ready about the role and the company? How should you dress?Applying for jobs in 2019 is like sitting on a desert island, writing a message, putting that message into a bottle, and then throwing that bottle directly into a black hole.Unless you know someone who works at the company you’re applying to, you’re probably applying through some sort of online portal in exchange for an automated confirmation email. Odds are you’ll never hear from them again. Or maybe you’ll get a rejection email months after you’d forgotten about the position.It’s a numbers game: The more jobs you apply to, the more likely you’ll be to get a job interview. But the challenges don’t end there! You still have to nail the interview. Here are ten tips for doing just that.1. Do your research.Acing an interview is often about more than just having the right skills and knowl edge for the position. It’s also important to have knowledge of the specific company you’re interviewing with.“Research the company and have questions about the role and the organization,” urged certified human resources professional Rebecca Francoline. “As a recruiter, it is so disappointing to get to the end of the conversation and the person has no questions at all. You will be spending 40+ hours a week at work, you should want to know more.”Dave Lane, CEO of Inventiv Tools (@inventivtools), offered some good resources to consider when researching your potential employer:“First and foremost, do your research on your potential employer. Read their website, find key team membersâ€"especially those who may be in your interviewâ€"on LinkedIn and other social media, and learn what makes them stand out from other potential employers.Researching the company for an hour or two will give you great opportunities during the interview to show how deep your interest in the compa ny goes. Your research is a jumping-off point for helping interviewers go off script and make a real connection with you.“To show youre someone that does their homework, a statement like this goes a long way: ‘I read on your site that youre doing X, which I find interesting. I didnt see anyone else in the industry doing this. What led you to do X?’”2. Dress for the job you want (as long as it’s the one you’re interviewing for).While it might be nice to live in a society where employers don’t take your appearance into account, it is not the society we live in. As such, the way you dress is going to make a strong first impression, and you want it to be a positive one.“Visit the companys Instagram to see what the companys vibe is,” suggested Christian Eilers, a career expert at Zety (@zety_com). “If the employees dress casual and an office dog is running aroundâ€"thats a signal not to wear a suit and tie for your interview. Try to blend in and be respectful of the c ompanys culture. Show them that you fit in. Smile. If you are stressed or nervousâ€"feel free to admit it and make a small joke about it. Thats all natural.That being said, being too casual can also be a significant misstep.“This may seem obvious but the trend seems to be leaning towards business casual outfits,” explained Certified Lifestyle Leadership Coach Joanne Newborn (@JoanneNewborn). “Regardless, wear the suit, wear the professional dress, and wear the right shoes. There is a saying that goes… ‘Dress for the role you WANT, not the role you have.’ Fantastic advice.Be sure to wow them (and I mean anyone you come in contact with at the company) with your first impression. That is the one the interviewer is going to remember. You can never take that first impression back â€" dress to impress.”There may not be one definite answer to exactly how you should dress, but it’s definitely something you should put thought into.3. Practice, practice, practice.Getting good at something often takes practice. Getting good at interviewing is not an exception.“Look up common interview questions and practice answering them out loud,” advised Francoline. “Sometimes what sounds good in our heads actually is very awkward when spoken, so get comfortable talking about yourself.You may not be asked the same questions but thats OK because you will have the practice in articulating your professional experience.”4. Connect off the bat.Making a good impression isn’t just about what you’re wearing.“Have a firm handshake and look people in the eye when you greet them,” recommended Lane. “Its not about having the strongest grip or appearing bold. Its about making a connection through eye contact and acknowledging your interviewers as people. People dont trust people who cant look them in the eye.”It’s also worth trying to make a personal connection.“If you share a hobby or educational background with one of your interviewers, try to work it int o the conversation,” offered Lane. “Signal that you are not only a technical fit for the job description but also an interesting and engaging person your interviewers will want to work with.”5. Show your enthusiasm.Is this your dream job? Maybe, maybe not. But it’s probably a good idea to treat the interview as though it was. You took the time to come to the interview, so at this point, there’s nothing to lose from giving it your all.“Confidence is important but arrogance is a turn-off,” explained Newborn. “Interviewers are looking for someone who is excited to work on their team and someone who is passionate about the company. That being said, a little nervous energy is great. It shows that the interview is important to you.”6. Come with something to offer.It’s not just enough to answer the questions you’re asked. If you really want to impress the interviewer, you should be ready to volunteer information of your own.“Bring success stories,” advised Newborn . “Prepare your best success stories, big wins, and how you overcame business challenges in past companies. Even great success stories from when you were getting your bachelor’s degree or MBA; or perhaps you are on your condo board or another position with an organization or head up a volunteer group, etc.Managers want to see how you define success and how you will bring that kind of success to my team. Don’t just have one or two or three â€" have ten, so that you can pull out the right story for the question the interviewer is asking. This goes the extra mileâ€"it shows you put the time and energy into your own career growth.“Companies today move at the speed of light. Workloads are heavier than employees can bear.  Directors and VP’s need teams that can find solutions to problems FAST. Illustrate how you are solution focused and how YOU find solutions to problems.Remember that the interviewer has a need to fillâ€"he or she is looking for someone as quickly as possible t o fill that need. The more you can show you are the one finding solutions to their problems, the quicker you will move into the role.”7. Be ready for tough questions.You might be asked a question you don’t know the answer to. That’s okay! You don’t just have to throw up your hands and walk out on the spot. That will pretty much guarantee you do not get the job.“If you dont know the answer to some technical question asked in the interview, ask a followup question to increase your understanding,” suggested Lane. “Employers understand that you wont know everything.However, they want to know your limits. Are you someone who just knows what they know and accepts that limitation, or are you someone who will dig into the things you dont know and increase your professional mastery?“If you dont know an answer but have a theory about what it could be, share that as well. ‘I dont know for sure, but I believe the concept youre asking about works this way’ demonstrates your t hinking processes and intellect far better than ‘I dont know the answer.’8. Ask some questions of your own.It’s a classic job interview tip: you should be speaking more than they are. And that means coming prepared with your own questions.“Be sure to come prepared with a list of questions,” offered Newborn. “You are interviewing the company and your new potential boss as much as they are interviewing you. What do you want to know about the company, the department, the team? Refrain from asking questions regarding salary, vacation time, benefits, etc.â€"get the offer first. Some good questions might be:“‘What are your biggest challenges that you are seeking a candidate to solve?’‘What are the three favorite things that you love about working for XXX company?’‘What is the growth potential from this role?’“There are many insightful questions that both help get an insight into the company and also illustrate a candidate’s intelligence level.”9. Be yoursel f.You can try and make a new identity just for this job interview. But if you are hired, it’s going to be pretty exhausting maintaining that persona every work day going forwards.“Job interviews can put a lot of pressure on candidates, whereby they feel like they are going in for a big audition and have to give the performance of a lifetime,” acknowledged Susan Braakman, Operations Manager and HR expert with Seuss Recruitment in Amsterdam.“However, the key to success is simply to be yourself. Truthfully display your skills, experience,  and personality. Ensuring that your personality shines through, will allow the interviewers to assess how well you fit within the team.When you do not stay true to yourself and transform into someone else, this can result in a poor fit between you and your new teamâ€"which will most likely end up in disappointment for both parties.”10. Follow up.When you’re competing against so many candidates, it’s important to give yourself every adva ntage possible. And that means making an effort to stay at the forefront of the interviewer’s mind, even after the interview.“Hopefully, by the time the interview is finished you have made a great impression already,” explained Eilers. “But I do not know a single hiring manager that would frown upon an extra thank you email landing in his mailbox. You can add the recruiters to your LinkedIn contacts (beware though of stalking their Facebook or Instagram profiles- keep it professional).If you havent heard from a recruiter, follow up with a quick email or a phone call. If a hiring manager is on the fence about choosing between a few applicants, he will most likely go for the one that cares the most and shows persistence.Now go out there and nail the interview. We’re rooting for you! For more tips on navigating the job market and maximizing your potential earnings, check out these other posts and articles from OppLoans:10 Skills You’ll Need in the Job Market of TomorrowThe Pros and Cons (and Scams) of Trade School10 Tips to Help You Score That Big Promotion6 Common Resume Mistakes to Avoid!Do you have a   personal finance question youd like us to answer? Let us know! You can find us  on  Facebook  and  Twitter.  |  InstagramContributorsSusan Braakman, the Operations Manager at  Seuss Recruitment, has a passion for Recruitment and Human Resources. After more than 15 years of industry experience filled with beautiful stories and life-changing moments, she has built up an impressive network. She is dedicated to attracting and retaining high potential talent, and has placed more than 200 professionals into new roles. Susan’s positive energy shines over the people around her.Christian Eilers is a career expert who has been writing for  Zety (@zety_com) since 2017. From job hunting, acing interviews to settling in on the first days at a new career, his guides cover the entire career spectrum.Rebecca Francoline, President of  Go Write2Hire, is committed to helping her clients achieve their professional goals. The job search process is an experience where you want a professional, such as Rebecca in your corner who is an expert in resume design, recruiting practices, applicant tracking software (ATS) systems, interviewing, and offer negotiations. Dedicated to her profession and clients, Rebecca is a Certified Professional Resume Writer (CPRW) and a Certified Professional in Human Resources (PHR) and maintains her credentials through continuing education in both fields of HR and resume writing. She is also a member of the Society for Human Resource Management (SHRM), National Resume Writers Association (NRWA), and the Professional Association of Resume Writers Career Coaches (PARW/CC).Dave Lane is the CEO of  Inventiv Tools (@inventivtools). Over the past ten years, he has led software engineering teams ranging from five people to 150 people. Working his way up from software developer to CTO, he learned that people problems are much mo re challenging and interesting than technical problems. Dave now uses his experience to help companies better support their employees. He holds a B.S. in Computer Science from Tennessee Technological University. In his spare time, Dave pretends he still knows how to write software.Joanne Newborn (@JoanneNewborn) is a Certified Lifestyle Leadership Coach as well as a Director with the World’s largest producer of Spirits.  She has her MBA from Penn State University (Beta Gamma Sigma) and her Certification from the Academy of Jungian Spiritual Psychology. Her blog and coaching business, Newborn Evolution, focuses on Lifestyle Leadership Transformation with a Jungian Twist.  Joanne is a contributing writer to several publications and has two blogs on her website, NewbornEvolution.com.  She is grateful for nearly everything.

Islam A Threat Of America And The Western World

Islam: A Threat to America and the Western World This paper discusses the threat that Islam poses to America and the western world. Islam is a very large religion that has increasingly widespread influence on the world. Countries that are ruled by theocracies of Islam are some of the weakest and violent countries on Earth. Countries who are enveloped by Islam tend to have the highest percentage of extremists as well. This paper also discusses the history of Islam, its founding, what it it teaches, and how the religion has affected the world since its origin. The paper goes on to show incompatibilities that Islam has with the western world, whether that may be democracy or individual rights. Further, the dangers of Islamic immigration to†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"These revelations were subsequently collected and codified as the Quran, the Muslim holy book.† â€Å"As the source of Muslim faith and practice, the Quran describes the relationship between an almighty and all-knowing God and his creations. . . all individuals are responsible for their actions for which they will be judged by God† (Yalman). In the period of time after Muhammad died, the Islamic faith spread through practice and force. The Byzantine Emperor from 1391-1425, Manuel II Palaeologus, has been quoted as saying,† ...show me just what Mohammed (sic) brought that was new and there you will find things only evil and inhuman, such as his command to spread by the sword the faith he preached† (Ibrahim). The Arabs took their conquests to Syria, Palestine, and the Byzantine empire, imposing the Islamic faith on to all peoples conquered (Yalman). This idea of conquering still has a place in the Islamic faith today, as the goal of Islam is to be the one sole religion on Earth. None of the three largest monotheistic religions advocate such a message†¦ except for Islam. Of them, â€Å"... one was started by a lawgiver, one by a man of peace, and one by a warriorâ €  (Feder). Muhammad, the founder of Islam, was a violent man who advocated for war to spread the Islamic faith. According to the Quran, he had several wives, was known to have beheaded several political and religions rivals, and had pedophilistic tendencies. AShow MoreRelatedProgressive Muslims Post 9/11826 Words   |  4 PagesPart I -Progressive Muslims – In Search of Progressive Islam Beyond 9/11 Farid Esack describes the situation of progressive Muslims post 9/11. He does this because their role has become significantly important in the society they live in. 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Identifying Race-Based Stereotypes and Myths

What is Really Going on with Common App Essay Samples Option 4

What is Really Going on with Common App Essay Samples Option 4 Additionally, the subsequent Learning Network features pull together large interest pieces that produce good models for student writing. Students lead busy lives and frequently forget about an approaching deadline. They also have the option to select, I do not know which Visa I will hold. The New Fuss About Common App Essay Samples Option 4 If you wish to see her essay in context, have a look at this hyperlink. If you could tell the story equally as well without the name, it is better to do precisely that. Generally, the only time it's appropriate to mention a person's name in your essay is if it's critical to the information you're conveying. Two new essay options are added, and a number of the previous questions are revised. The topic of your essay doesn't need to be completely novel. Ensure you explain the reason why this topic is meaningful to you. This topic is full of possibilities. Share an essay on any subject of your selection. A thorough pre-submission process increases the possibilities your app won't fail. Switch around your responses, if you've got to. Along with collecting your personal demographic info, in addition, it collects every other portion of your application outlined within this blog post. You should choose whichever application best suits your personal circumstances just be sure that you submit just one of both of these applications to Northwestern. Most games provide maps, and a few of them obscure locations till they're visited. In some instances, you can provide users with that true map and decorate it together with landmarks. If you make an app for numerous devices, then you ought to provide users with a screenshot for each gadget. Take, as an example, an app such as Tinder where users swipe an unpredictable number of times to guarantee the reward of a possible match. The Hidden Secret of Common App Essay Samples Option 4 To get admitted into college, you've got to be real. Please note that a few of these college essay examples might be responding to prompts that are no longer being used. Where your private essay goes out to all the schools you apply to, supplements are targeted and just visit a single school. You're writing a college application essay, and you must know about your audience. If it comes to college admissions, you would like to win big. Some colleges or universities supply you with a list of essay questions but in many instances, you're going to be given the chance to think up a very good essay question and topic by yourself and then write about doing it. What You Can Do About Common App Essay Samples Option 4 Starting in the Next Ten Minutes The prompt gives you the opportunity to spell out the measures you'd taketo identify a solution. Our customer support will gladly tell you whether there are any special offers at the present time, in addition to make sure you are getting the very best service our company may deliver. There are a number of reasons why you must prefer our services. Another benefit of our website is the quickness. You might not always control the scenery, but you continue to be the driver! Explain your thought processlet the reader in your mind to realize how you tick. The way students react can provide you an excellent sense of the sort of community that resides there. Gossip, Deception and Common App Essay Samples Option 4 It's very valuable to take writing apart to be able to see just the way that it accomplishes its objectives. In humans, for example, the appendix is considered to be a vestigial structure. Very similar to previous decades, Recommender accounts will carry over, but the procedure is a little different from the procedure utilized by applicants. The procedure for your experience is extremely important. To completely explore that approach demands a feeling of itemization of the elements of a data dashboard. Include your decision-making procedure.

Nuclear Energy (2938 words) Essay Example For Students

Nuclear Energy (2938 words) Essay Nuclear EnergyLet American Consumer Counseling Help you Get Out of Debt!Nuclear EnergyYou are watching the control panels andgages for rector two. Sitting comely you think about how easy your jobis. It is a joke! All day you sit around and watch the gages for reactornumber two just to make sure they maintain their settings. You dont evenneed to look at the gages either because a computer automatically regulatesthem without you. Life is so good. Suddenly all the sirens go of and thegages and displays spin wildly in every direction. The ground shakes andyou can hear the sound of a deep rumble. Unknown to you, the reactorscooling pumps have failed to cool the reactors core and in 3 seconds thetemperature went from 280 degrees centigrade to 4,000 degrees centigrade. The water that was in the reactor is instantly turned to steam which createstremendous amount of pressure in the reactor core. Above the reactor corethere is a 5 foot thick lead plate and above that there is a meter thickfloor composed of iron, barium, serpentine, concrete, and stone. The explodingsteam fires the floor up like shrapnel. The metal plate goes through thefour foot thick concrete roof like butter and reaches and altitude of sixtymeters. You can hear ripping, rending, wrenching, screeching, scraping,tearing sounds of a vast machine breaking apart. L. Ray Silver, a leadingauthor who covered the disaster at Chernobyl, said that within the core,steam reacts with zirconium to produce that first explosive in naturesarsenal, hydrogen. Near-molten fuel fragments shatter nearly incandescentgraphite, torching chunks of it, exploding the hydrogen. The explosionbreaks every pipe in the building rocking it with such power that the buildingis split into sections (11-13). You look down at your body and notice thatit feels hot and your hands look different. Unknown to you a tremendousamount of neutrons are hitting your cells and taking chucks out of yourskin. Suddenly everything goes black. The paragraph above describes the sceneof what happened at Chernobyl nuclear plant a few years ago. From thattime until the present many other smaller accidents have happened. Fromthese accidents many people have died and millions have been indirectlyaffected. Nuclear energy has far to many negative problems than advantages. From the mining of uranium to disposal of nuclear waist there are problemsof such magnitude that no scientist on this earth has an answer for. Nuclearenergy has so many problems associated to it that it should be banned fromthe earth. To understand the threat of nuclear energywe must first understand what happens in a nuclear reaction. Ann E. Weiss,who has written several books on the subject of nuclear energy, describedwhat happens inside a nuclear power plant. In a nuclear reaction the nucleiof its atoms split, producing energy in the form of heat. The heat makessteam which powers a turbine. Fission takes place in a nuclear reactor. The fuel used is pellets of uranium. In a modern reactor, half-inch longpellets of uranium are packed into 12 or 14 foot tubes made of an alloyof the metal zirconium. About 50,000 zircalloy fuel rods make up the reactioncore. To control a nuclear reaction control rods made of cadmium is usedwhich absorbs neutrons. With the control rods in place in the core, a chainreaction cannot begin. When the plant operators want to start the chainreaction they activate machinery that pulls the control rods away fromthe core. Once this is done a single free neutron is enough to set offthe reaction. As the reaction continues, a moderator slows the neutronsdown enough to ensure that they will continually split more uranium atoms. At the same time, the moderator acts as a coolant. It keep the overalltemperature about 300 degrees Celsius. Since the temperature at spots insidethe fuel rods may be as high as 1,100 degrees Celsius, enormous amountsof coolant are continually needed to keep the core temperature at the properlevel. When the plant must be must be shut down the control rods are loweredall the way back into the core. That brings the chain reaction to a standstill. The core cools, and steam is no longer produced (23-24). In all nuclearreactions use uranium and produce some plutonium. Since nuclear reactions produce a considerableamount of plutonium there are considerable hazards that come along withit. Nader and Abbotts, two men who have a great amount of experience inthe nuclear industry, comment that:Plutoniums major dangers include the factthat it is weapons-grade material, that it is highly toxic, and it is extremelylong-lasting: it will take 24,000 years for half of it to decay. In additionto the possibility that plutonium could contaminate the environment orthe population in an accident, there is also the danger that a terroristgroup could steal plutonium for the purposes of fashioning an illicit nuclearweapon. (63)Plutonium-239 is a man-made reactor by-productwhich emits highly energetic alpha particles. Even though alpha particlescan be stopped by a piece of paper that can be very dangerous to tissueif they are taken into the body by ingestion or inhalation. Expressingextreme concern over the issue of plutonium getting into the human bodyNader and Abbotts write:Experiments with dogs show that the inhalationof as little as three millionths of a gram of Pu-239 can cause lung cancer. John Gofman has reported that plutonium and other alpha-emitters, suchas curium and americium , when ina form that cannot readily be dissolved by body fluids, represent an inhalationhazard in a class some five orders of magnitude more potent,weight for weight, than potent chemical carcinogens. The fact that plutoniumhas a very long half-life, 24,000 years, makes it one of the deadliestelements known and one of the most difficult to manage. (78)The reason why plutonium is so dangerouswhen it gets into the lungs is because plutonium releases radiation toa small mass of the lung at a very short distance. This effect of radiationfrom plutonium giving a concentrated dose to one small area is much greaterthan if the same amount of radiation had been uniformly distributed throughoutthe lung. Another problem with plutonium is its toxicity. Plutonium isthe most toxic of all elements. Fred H. Knelman, who was a senior executiveon the nuclear control panel in Washington D.C., wrote, One pound of plutonium-239,distributed to the lungs of a large population, could cause between tenand fifteen million lung-cancer deaths (32). The Geology of The Massif Montgris EssayIn Grand Junction, five thousand houses, a school, a church, a supermarket,and a hospital were built on tailings, thus creating situations where peoplelive and work in buildings emitting radioactivity. (81)In towns that have been built on mill tailingsthere is a great increase in health related costs because of an increasein cancers and radiation induced diseases. Corinne Browne and Robert Munroego comment on the effects of living in an environment that has radiation. In the early 1970s, a pediatrician in GrandJunction noticed an abnormally large number of children being born withcleft lips and cleft palates. A study showed that there was a far higherincidence of leukemia, hydroencephalitis, and subtle birth defects in theGrand Junction area than in surrounding counties. (81)A person could then conclude that the nuclearindustry is mostly to blame for the nation wide increase of cancers anddeaths. Is the nuclear industry really benefitting the nation or is itjust making the world into a radioactive dump which takes thousands ofyears to clean up?One last major problem with nuclear energythat needs to be touched on is the storage of nuclear waste. Nuclear wasteincludes all contaminated parts that have had contact with any source ofnuclear energy and all products of a nuclear reaction that was discussedat the beginning of the paper. There are several problems that relate tothe storage of nuclear energy. At a nuclear storage facility, there aresecurity officers, technicians, scientists, and regular staff which makesure the facility is safe. In the paper, Uranium: Its Uses and Hazards,it states the half-life of some radioactive isotopes. Uranium-238 whichhas a half-life of 4.46 billion years and that uranium-235 which has ahalf-life of 704 million years represent most of nuclear waste stored atnuclear waist facilities. (1) This means that people will have to be monitoringthese facilities for about ten billion years. Fred H. Knelman is very concernedabout the time and man power required to run these storage facilities. Knelman wrote :There must always be intelligent peoplearound to cope with eventualities we have not thought of.Reactor safety,waste disposal, and the transport of radioactive materials are complexmatters about which little can be said with absolute certainty. Is mankindprepared to exert the eternal vigilance needed to ensure proper and safeoperation of its nuclear system? (39)The searching for proper storage facilitiesand places has always been one of the top priorities of the nuclear industry. The problem is that no one wants a nuclear waste facility in there backyard. Literally billions of dollars has been spent just on looking forplaces to store nuclear waste. Nuclear energy has many short term benefitsbut many more short term and long term problems. If anyone of the lethalpotential problems develop and get out of control than the world is inserious trouble. Can the world afford to be dancing with death? Just thinkif a nuclear plant exploded because of a terrorist attack how our liveswould be changed forever. Are we unselfish enough live without a few comfortsnow so that our children can have a brighter future? A nuclear disasteris the worst thing that can happen to this planet because it threatensthe whole future of the human race. Nuclear energy is not worth the risk. The problem of nuclear energy such as terrorism, plutonium production,uranium mill tailings, and waste storage problems make nuclear energy toorisky for humans to even experiment with. Nuclear energy holds our futurein a tight grip so we must do something about it. Works CitedCorinne Brown, and Robert Munroe. TimeBomb, Understanding the Treat of Nuclear Power. New York: William Morrow Company, Inc, 1981Knelman, Fred H. Nuclear Energy The UnforgivingTechnology. Edmonton: Hurtig Publishers, 1976. Mitchell, Christopher K. Nuclear Terrorism.14 Nov. 1996 Available : http://www.nucl.com/terror.html. Nuclear Waste: The Big Picture. 10 Nov. 1996. Available: http://www.sfo.com/~rherried/waste.html. Portzline, Scott D. Nuclear Terrorism.10 Nov. 1996. Available: http://www.nci.com/terrorism.html. Ralph Nader, and John Abbotts. The Menaceof Atomic Energy. New York: W.W. Norton Company Inc, 1977. Silver, L. Ray. Fallout From Chernobyl. Toronto: Deneau Publishers Company LTD, 1987. The Problem. 10 Nov. 1996. Available:http://www.wideopen.igc.org/nci/prob.htm. Uranium: Its Uses and Hazards. 20 Nov. 1996. Available : http://www.ieer.org/ieer/fctsheet/uranium.html. Weiss, Ann E. The Nuclear Question. NewYork: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Publishers, 1981.

Definition of Curiosity, Its Causes and Importance

Introduction One might ask, â€Å"What is curiosity?† Curiosity is an observable feeling, usually portrayed by people and some specific animals and appears like a force that drives them into knowing, meeting, or seeing new things. It arouses their emotional behaviour. Though claims are that it killed the cat, it has been proved that, it is the force behind all scientific inventions. It has brought about the most expensive and interesting discoveries by both scientists and artists.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Definition of Curiosity, Its Causes and Importance specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More It is a natural trait whose signs become evident right from birth when a baby shows the desire to explore not only its mother, but also anything within its proximity. Any trait is categorised based on its impact to the individual and the entire society. Though it cannot be wholly supported by all, majority will go f or it owing to its position in the global technology. Based on these expositions, I believe curiosity, is a character that needs to be grown and developed in the minds of all people who believe that they can be great. Causes The desire for knowledge serves as the root cause of curiosity. Straight from childhood to old age, there is always a visible yearning depicted by all people and some categories of animals. A child will crawl or cry as an expression of its want for something while old people will always be questioning themselves about nature, demanding to know why it has to deprive them of the energy to carry out various jobs. This is none but curiosity. Another cause of curiosity is the urge to satisfy ones senses. The need to see, hear, touch, among others, has been proved to arouse ones desire, forcing him/her to satisfy them. Practically, when people get rumours about something, be it a funny place, an interesting story, or a weird animal, they desire to actualise the rumour s. If it calls for them to see, in order to be satisfied, they must see failure to which an unmet requirement is registered in the person’s mind. He/she will be experiencing some sort of a force or an inner voice telling him/her to rise up for that need. This has to do with nothing else, but curiosity. Importance of curiosity One of the major areas curiosity serves a vital role is education. Its contribution towards the performance of students is quite significant. It has become so crucial that some colleges have opted to introduce it as subject compulsory to every student. Through it, learners have made long steps as far as inventions are concerned. Moreover, it serves as a motivational tool by learners. For instance, if ones teacher is a professor, he/she feels motivated and wants to experience the feeling of professors. He/she opts to know the steps the fellow followed into achieving such a high level of education. In their minds, learners create imaginary figures that act as role models whom they desire to take after, given the time and opportunity. By so doing, they end up boosting education status through their curiosity.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, curiosity plays a major role in nurturing patience. As the claim goes, where there is patience, there is payment. This stands out in people who desire to be, or to own something that takes time before it happens. For instance, a young boy hoping to become a pilot has to develop patience within him because, he has to wait until he gets what it takes, for one to be a pilot and this calls for a serious view of education as the only way through. Hence, curiosity is a trait, crucial in education and cannot be avoided. Another crucial importance of curiosity is that, it engages ones mind, making him/her active rather than passive. It has been proved that where there is activity of the mind, t here is God’s dwelling place. It also makes ones mind alert of new ideas and methods of doing things. This is so because whoever is curious, he/she is ever learning day by day. It opens up the mind of people making them believe in the possibility of everything they do. It also plays a key role in boosting ones enjoyment. Those who are curious are ever enjoying the interests of what they encounter everyday. The human mind is always welcoming when it comes to new ideas or things. Therefore, the fact that curiosity makes one learn new things on a daily basis, it is clear that he/she is always joyful. In conclusion, Curiosity can overturn the world in terms of inventions and developments. Owing to what it has done for the few who developed it before, it stands out as a character that needs to be acquired by all, who believe in living up to the top of their dreams. This essay on Definition of Curiosity, Its Causes and Importance was written and submitted by user Ray Marsh to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Sample Research Paper

Sample Research Paper Students who study in universities, colleges and high schools frequently look for sample research papers to assist them through their course studies.   Unluckily, if the sample research papers are derivative or lifted from some book or website, it brings a blame of plagiarism against the learner.   That is not what any of our customers want.   This is why we present the excellent possible sample research papers to our customers. When looking around for a company to get your sample research paper, make sure that you keep following of the points in your mind: Inquire the company its contacts and address.   If it is unwilling to disclose to you any of these, the company may be a fraud.   It might mean that the company is not a genuine one.   You can ask the company and check out for yourself.   As fraud companies are illegal, they like to stay hidden, and away from where they can be caught.   Therefore, they do not let any contact information reach anyone. Many companies are starting to introduce sample research paper writing services.   This has given a head start to some fraud companies that have started to consume the time of students, along with the money that is received by them in advance for their services.   These fraud companies are known for providing sample research papers that are of incredibly low value and most of the material has been plagiarized. Working with such companies can cause a students grades to drop, and the image to tarnish in the eyes of the teacher.   They have to put up with the humiliation and disgrace of getting caught with plagiarized sample research papers in the class. Many sample research paper-writing companies in general employ writers who do not know the methods of writing good sample research papers, and neither do they know where to find them, or have any sort of academic qualification. The sample research papers put up for downloads are also of horrible quality, and time, and sometimes money, is wasted on these downloads.   As most of the clients are students, and most of the students are inexperienced, they cannot possibly tell right from wrong, so they are frequently caught in the ambush set by fraud companies. Some companies require you to pay in advance.   This, they may tell you, is for security or for the development of trust.   This is, in fact, a favorite way among fraudulent companies to swindle money out of your hands before you realize what is going on.   Stay away from companies that want such securities. Companies that make too many big promises may be pushing you into a well too.   A company that claims to provide a 2000 word research project in two hours, for example, can definitely not be a genuine one.   Also, if you think the behavior of the staff is not good, quit working with that company.   ALWAYS make sure you are safe.

Causes of Rework and cost overuns in construction of sea water Thesis Proposal

Causes of Rework and cost overuns in construction of sea water desalination projects in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia - Thesis Proposal Example Desalination is a very important term, especially for the countries where fresh water resources are scarce. It could be any process that removes a vast amount of salt and other minerals from the water. Habitually, it is known as the procedure of drawing the salts and minerals. It is best to purify your water with the process of desalinated and then use it for drinking and as well as for irrigational activities. This is the same process which is being used by many seagoing ships and sub-marines (Love et. al. 2004). In today’s world, desalination is mainly used for developing cost-effective ways of giving fresh water to such regions of the world where fresh water is in meager amount. If you are intending to do a large scale desalination process then you may also need massively powered infrastructures but it is sure to increase the expense you will pay on the overall project, so it is better to make the usage of fresh water from rivers or wells etc. According to the census performed n April 2010, Saudi Arab had a population of 27,136,977 humans out of which 18,707,576 were recognized as nationals and others were living with no nationality. Due to an overwhelming economic and urban growth of this country, more than 95% of the whole population has been settled down now. Some cities even have densities of more than thousand people per square kilometer. About 50% of the total water used in this country is generated by the process of desalination, whereas the other 40% is extracted from the mining of non-renewable groundwater, the remaining 10% is simply taken off from the surface water. This research will highlight the issues related to desali9nation processes in Saudi Arab which cause cost overruns. Problem Statement: The problem which will be studied in this research is: Causes of Rework and cost overruns in construction of sea water desalination projects in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Research Objectives: There are four main objecti ves of this research which are listed below: To study existing sea water desalination projects for cost overruns To explore the reasons of rework and cost overruns in sea water desalination projects To investigate low cost alternatives which can control the cost of sea water desalination projects in Saudi Arabia To find ways of avoiding this cost overruns if construction of sea water desalination projects in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia Research Scope and limitation: This research will study 2 cases where cost overrun has been reported in construction of sea water desalination projects in Saudi Arab. Due to the constraint of time and budget, it is not possible to study the whole universe in this research. However, the case study selection will be based on the criteria that the projects which represent and can highlight the problems of all existing desalination projects should be chosen. This research is limited in the sense that not every existing sea water desalination project will be s tudied under it. Also, it is not possible for the researcher to study every aspect of the problem under discussion, so this research is limited to study of aspects of cost overrun. Methodology: For any research, qualitative or quantitative, primary or secondary, the most important part is its methodology. Methodology sets the stage for all further work to be done in any research (Gauch, 2002). Research can be done successfully and the objectives can be achieved if the research methodology laid out to conduct this research is properly planned. As research methodology is what leads any research towards its success, its importance can never be undermined in case of any research (Symon, et. al., 2000). This research is focused basically on primary data collection. A lot of tests and experiments have been conducted to get the required

The War Powers Act of 1973 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

The War Powers Act of 1973 - Essay Example President Harry Truman set the precedent of circumventing Congress, and the Constitution, when he deployed troops to Korea in 1950. Congress attempted to regain its sole authority to declare war when it passed the War Powers Act in 1973 as a response to the undeclared Vietnam War. The Act allows the Commander-in-Chief to respond to emergency situations and deploy troops for a limited amount of time without a formal declaration of war. However, presidents from Truman to George W. Bush have summarily ignored this Act as well as their constitutionally limited authority by waging protracted wars all over the world. All have selectively cited the part of the Constitution that gives them authority over the military while ignoring the part that stipulates they do not have the authority to wage war on their own. According to the United States Constitution Article One, Section Eight, only Congress has the exclusive authority to â€Å"to declare war [and] grant letters of marque and reprisal† (United States Constitution). Presidents do not have this authority. However, the War Powers Act of 1973 circumvented the Constitution. The Act allows for the President to deploy troops to a country for 60-90 days without the consent of Congress (War Powers Resolution, 1973). It is intended to first allow the president to deploy troops in an emergency situation but secondly to strictly enforce Congressional authority to declare war, to adhere to the framers of the Constitution’s intention for the people’s representatives in Congress to decide if military action was in the nation’s best interest. Given the ambiguity of this license the office of President now has to initiate war, but the President could, hypothetically of course, act without specific congressional approval to w age war against a sovereign nation that did not pose a military threat. This could theoretically lead to a seemingly

An Overview Of Life Satisfaction Literatures Social Work Essay

An Overview Of Life Satisfaction Literatures Social Work Essay This chapter begins with literatures about life satisfaction and important personal and situational predictors of life satisfaction in older persons, then in order to provide a theoretical background for this study attempt to define the most important components of structural and functional support. The next portion will focus on the ways in which significant personal and situational characteristics might affect on structural and functional components. The focus will then shift to the effect of structural and functional components specifically on life satisfaction. And finally specific theories and models that have been proposed to explain the role of structural and functional components in the life satisfaction of older adults will be addressed. Over the past few years, the worlds population has continued on its remarkable transition from a state of high birth and death rates to one characterized by low birth and death rates. At the heart of this transition has been the growth in the number and proportion of older persons. Such a rapid, large, and ubiquitous growth has never been seen in the history of civilization (Norman Henderson, 2003). when the older population will be nearly 2 billion, surpassing the population of children for the first time in human history (United Nations, 2006). For the first time in history, Asian populations and their governments are faced with increasing numbers of older adults, and this raise various social and economic issues, (Chan, 2005) specially issues concerning the life satisfaction (Wu Rudkin, 2000). 2.1 Life Satisfaction The use of different terms such as â€Å"psychological well-being†, â€Å"subjective well-being†, â€Å"life satisfaction†, â€Å"happiness† and â€Å"morale† for the same underlying construct has led to considerable confusion in the literature over exactly what is being measured, however, these concepts and their definitions are not identical, â€Å"all of them involve a psychological response by the individual to socio-environmental situation encountered in life and demonstrate no significant difference in meaning.†(Cloutterbuck, 1987). Stock, Okun, and Benin (1988) defined subjective well-being as combining concepts together; mood, happiness, life satisfaction, and morale. Factors such as morale, life satisfaction and happiness are considered to be important in determining subjective well-being in the elderly (Kim, Hisata, Kai, Lee, 2000). Subjective well-being is composed of two elements: cognitive and affective. Life satisfaction, the cognitive component of subjective well-being, refers to a global judgment of a life as a whole (Jin, 2001).Life satisfaction has also been defined in various ways, including happiness, adjustment, morale, physical health, subjective well-being, and the balance between aspirations and achievements (Nutt, 2001). Life satisfaction has been defined two major ways in the literature: first as an objective entity, usually the quantity of social interactions; and second as an internal and subjective perception, the individuals evaluation of their lives, the second approach is now more widely used (Miller, 1997). Life satisfaction is a very personal assessment, one must decide ones own life satisfaction criteria. Two individuals may share very similar lives, and one may find life satisfactory and the other may not (Quadhamer, 1999). Havighurst proposed that measuring life satisfaction as an â€Å"inner† assessment was a better measure of successful aging. Such a measure would accommodate individual differences in conceptions and values of growing older. Specifically, the individual whose personality most values an active life style could be as satisfied with his life as one who is more passive (Havighurst, 1961). Distinction between life satisfaction and quality of life is not clear and the concepts are sometimes used interchangeably (Borg, Hallberg, Blomqvist, 2006). Jeffres and Dobos (1995) proposed that quality of life consists of two distinct global concepts with underlying domains. The first concept, perceived quality of life or life satisfaction, is a consequence of satisfaction with the personal domains of life. These domains include satisfaction with family life, friends, health, partner and oneself. The second concept refers to quality of life in the broader social environment, environmental quality of life (Jeffres Dobos, 1995). Environmental quality of life domains include satisfaction with housing, schools, health services, safety and security, roads and transport (Evans, 1994) . Personal quality of life is associated with quality of life in the broader social environment (Jeffres Dobos, 1995), but the two domains are not identical (Fadda JiroÃ'‘n, 1999). For example, some i ndividuals rate their quality of life as very good whilst living under extremely difficult environmental conditions, whereas others rate their quality of life as poor even though their environmental conditions are excellent (Westaway, 2006). 2.1.1 Life Satisfaction in elderly Among elders the predictors of life satisfaction were found to be perceived   level of activity (Osberg McGinnis, 1987), age, gender (Fadda JiroÃ'‘n, 1999; Kudo, Izumo, Kodama, Watanabe, Hatakeyama, Fukuoka, Kudo, Yaegashi, Sasaki, 2007), satisfaction with family life (Medley, 1976), the availability of confidants (Strain Chappell, 1982), subjective health rating (Downe-Wamboldt Tamlyn, 1986; Gfellner, 1989; Spreitzer Snyder, 1974) ,   physical health status (Joia, Ruiz, Donalisio, 2007; Kudo et al., 2007; Bowling, 1990) , satisfaction with financial status and socio-economic status (Antonucci Akiyama, 2007; Borg et al., 2006; Spreitzer Snyder, 1974; Welsch, 2007), religious affiliation and private prayer (Korff, 2006; Markides, Levin, Ray, 1987; Sagaza, 2004), marital status, and educational level (Subasi Hayran, 2005), living environment (Subasi Hayran, 2005; Rehdanz Maddison, 2008), personal factors (Borg, FagerstrÃ'†m, Balducci, Burholt, Ferring, Weber, Wenge r, GÃ'†ran Holst, Hallberg, 2008; Sanchez, Jr., 2006) , social support (Abu Bader, Rogers, Barusch, 2003) and   sociopolitical capital (Abdallah, Thompson, Marks, 2008). Based on the International Study   in 1994 and 1999, indicates that the level of satisfaction of the elderly is generally lower in large cities, and lower for those who are in the first half of their 60s, who constitute single-person households, who are not in good health condition, who live in rented housing (Sagaza, 2004) another study showed that good health, high self-esteem, and the absence of worry were associated with life satisfaction (Borg et al., 2008). Analyses of associations with life satisfaction in the study of elderly persons in Hong Kong showed significant associations between life satisfaction and a number of variables including age, education, marital status, self-rated financial situation, religious belief, living arrangement, social support, social network, self-rated health status, functional capacity, number of chronic illnesses and activity level. Multivariate analysis confirmed that the strongest predictors of life satisfaction were self-rated financial situation, activity level and social support (Chou Chi, 1999). Borg et al., (2006) identified several factors of importance for life satisfaction among older people with reduced ability to perform daily activities: social contacts, health, activities, family, negatively losing family members (Borg et al., 2006). Recent work has identified a relationship between personality traits and life satisfaction (Thakral, 2006; Fogle, Huebner, Laughlin, 2002). Among people with reduced ADL capacity in 6 European countries, it was found that personal factors, rather than environmental factors such as social or financial resources, influence life satisfaction (Borg et al., 2008). Life satisfaction and Gender Up to age 65, women tended to report higher rates of life satisfaction than men; however, after age 65 men were more likely than women to report a high degree of life satisfaction (Spreitzer Snyder, 1974).   Significant predictors of life satisfaction were found in female respondents: age, financial strain and depression. In male respondents, the significant predictors of life satisfaction were education and financial strain (Chou Chi, 1999). Medley found standard of living to be a more important predictor of life satisfaction in women, whereas satisfaction with health was more important to men (Medley, 1976). Life satisfaction and Age As age increases there is a slow decrease in life satisfaction (Melendez, Tomas, Oliver, Navarro, 2005) Indeed, survey researchers have noted that older people show consistent increases in life satisfaction with age but a leveling off of more affective characteristics such as happiness (Antonucci Akiyama, 2007). Life satisfaction and Income Previous studies have indicated that financial strain was consistently and negatively associated with life satisfaction and financial situation was a significant predictor of satisfaction (Chou Chi, 1999; Chou Chi, 1999) and satisfaction with financial status was a stronger predictor of life satisfaction than objective financial state (Spreitzer Snyder, 1974). Life satisfaction and Educational level Education is found to have a significant effect on life satisfaction. Higher education attainment is associated with improved socioeconomic status, higher wage rates, and better health, all of which lead to better living standards (Bukenya, Gebremedin, Schaeffeaer, 2003). Life satisfaction and Ethnic Barger, Donoho, Wayment., (2009) evaluated racial/ethnic disparities in life satisfaction, and explored the relative contributions of SES, health status, and social relationships to life satisfaction among two very large, diverse probability samples of U.S. adults. That was the first major evaluation of Hispanic life satisfaction in the U.S. and is the largest U.S. population based life satisfaction study to date. They found that Blacks and Hispanics have lower life satisfaction than Whites, but controlling for SES and health status weakened these differences for Blacks and eliminated them for Hispanics. They also found a modest Hispanic benefit for being very satisfied in multivariable models. The consistently higher explained life satisfaction variance among Whites could represent substantive cultural variation in the types of support relevant to well-being judgments (Barger, Donoho, Wayment, 2009). Life satisfaction and marital status Marital status was found to be positively related to life satisfaction by some investigators (Markides et al., 1987; Strain Chappell, 1982) whereas others failed to show this relationship (Osberg McGinnis, 1987). Marital status significantly affects satisfaction, with being single having a negative effect on both health and quality of life satisfaction. Proponents of social role explanations suggest that men derive greater benefits from marriage than women do because mens roles are less stressful and more gratifying compared to women (Bukenya et al., 2003). Hansen et al., (2004) in a study with title: â€Å"Age, marital status and life satisfaction† found, having a partner (in the household) was strongly associated with higher levels of life satisfaction for both genders. The results showed no differential effect of having a partner by gender. However, for both genders, older cohorts without a partner had higher life satisfaction than their younger counterparts. No age-differential effect of having a partner was found. Interestingly, the effect of having a partner decreased with age for both genders, and significantly more so amongst women (Hansen, 2004). Life satisfaction and Employment Researchers examining employment status and life satisfaction have found a positive relation between these variables. Results of several studies have further suggested that persons 65 years of age and older who remain active in the labor force have higher levels of life satisfaction and morale than do retired persons in the same age cohort (Aquino, Russellc, Cutrona, Altimaier, 1996). Life satisfaction and Strata (rural/urban) Evans., (2005) studied differences in the social supports of rural and urban elders to determine what those differences meant in terms of three markers of successful aging: activity level, life satisfaction, and depressive symptoms. Results showed that urban older adults reported more depressive symptoms as compared to rural older adults. Furthermore, subjective level of social support (perceived satisfaction with support) was positively correlated with life satisfaction and negatively correlated with depressive symptoms for both rural and urban older adults, however, there were no mediating effects of social support in the relationship between residence and levels of activity, life satisfaction, and depressive symptoms (Evans, 2005). 2.2 Functional and Structural components of support In this section a broad overview of structural and functional components of support will be provide and each of these concept consider separately, because each has different properties that can potentially influence the life satisfaction. 2.2.1 Definitions: The concept of social support has been a popular subject of research since the late 1970 and publications on social support increased almost geometrically from 1976 to 1981 (Phillips, Siu, Yeh, Cheng, 2008).The concept of social support has been variously addressed in terms of social bonds, social contacts, and availability of confidants (Johnson, 1996; Seeman, Bruce, McAvay, 1996) and early research frequently unclear the distinctions between four concepts: social relations, social network, social support, and social integration (Antonucci Akiyama, 2007). social support and social support resources such as: social network, social interactions or social contacts, reported as related but distinct concepts (Seeman, Lusignolo, Albert, Berkman, 2001). Social support includes interpersonal communication and interaction, love and understanding, caring and concern, affection and companionship, financial assistance, and respect and acceptance (Antonucci Akiyama, 2007; Loue Sajatovic, 2008). Definitions of social support range from the actual supportive acts that are exchanged between individuals to a personality-like factor based in early interpersonal experiences that then influences how an individual views the likelihood that someone is supportive. The concept of social support has been investigated by researchers in anthropology, epidemiology, medicine, nursing, psychology, and sociology. Given the different backgrounds of researchers in these fields one can appreciate why reaching consensus for a definition of social support has been difficult (Rudkin, 2006). There is a lack of general consensus on how social support should be specifically defined. One useful way to conceptualize social support is that it has both structural and functional aspects, qualitative (subjective) and quantitative (objective) aspects, and social network-based and support-based aspects (Phillips et al., 2008). 2.2.2Functional Component of Support More recent studies of social support conceptualize it as the functions that are provided by social relationships. Although the question of what exactly is provided by supportive individuals varies between researchers, many agree that supportive individuals provide or make available what can be termed emotional support, informational support, tangible support, and belonging support .These functional aspects of social support are often highly related to each other and not easily separated in everyday life. Emotional support, provides individuals with the belief that they are loved and cared for, emotional support involved such things   as giving advice, expressing affection, and providing morale support (Johnson, 1996). Emotional support is probably what most of us imagine when we think about a supportive individual. Emotional support is thought to be beneficial because it provides the recipient with a sense of acceptance and may strengthen ones self-esteem during life challenges (Loue Sajatovic, 2008). Informational support can be a very powerful form of support to the extent that it provides useful direction. Such advice and guidance may also carry an emotional message, it is often the case that useful guidance from close friends can be seen as emotionally supportive in that the person cares enough to speak with you about important decisions (Cohen , Underwood , Gottlieb , 2000). Appraisal supportincludes feedback given to individuals to help them in self-evaluation or in apprais ing situations. The intangible forms of support; emotional, informational, and appraisal support, can be difficult to disentangle (Rudkin, 2006). Tangible support, is conceptualized as the assistance from others in one‘s daily functioning. Emotional social support contributed to positive affect, while tangible social support contributed to life satisfaction as well as reducing psychosomatic and emotional distress (Seeman et al., 2001). For older people tangible support may be as simple as providing a ride to the grocery store or mowing the lawn (Loue Sajatovic, 2008), involves being able to help with everyday jobs around the house, providing financial assistance, and helping in the process of taking care of children (Johnson, 1996). Research findings regarding instrumental support are more mixed. Receipt of higher levels of instrumental support, specifically help with various tasks, has been associated with greater declines in physical functioning. More moderate levels of instrumental support appear to promote recovery and slow decline in functioning. In many studies, however, the direction of causation has not been cle arly established (Rudkin, 2006). Belonging support is defined as the presence of others with whom to engage in social activities. An example of it would be a friend with whom to go shopping or to watch a basketball game. Belonging support may be beneficial because such positive social and leisure activities may enhance ones mood and sense of acceptance by others (Cohen   et al., 2000). Social support functions are often intertwined those who provide tangible support may also be providing reassurance and emotional support. Furthermore, different network members provide different types of support. People tend to turn to their families for instrumental support, friends for emotional support, and during times of illness, health care workers for advice and aid (Loue Sajatovic, 2008). Higher levels of emotional support, both perceived and received, improve outcomes, whereas the effects of instrumental support have been questionable. Older individuals who have more interaction with others and who report more available emotional support, experience fewer and slower declines in cognitive and physical functioning (Rudkin, 2006). The effectiveness of any form of support will depend on the extent to which it meets the demands of the particular stressful event. For controllable stressful events, support such as informational or tangible is predicted to be more important. However, if the event is less controllable, then emotional or belonging support may serve to facilitate adjustment (Uchino, Cacioppo, Kiecolt-Glaser, 1996). 2.2.2.1 Functional component: perceived or received Function components of support are usually organized along two dimensions: what support is perceived to be available (available support) and what support is actually received or provided (received support) by others (Cohen, 2004; Kafetsios   Sideridis, 2006). These measures are not highly related and are often associated with different effects on well-being. What is perceived as available may or may not correspond to what is actually provided (Kahna, Hesslingb, Russellc, 2003). Studies suggest that received support is not related to the perceived availability of support in a straightforward manner, one reason is that measures of available support are related to ones cognitive representation of social support, a person might perceive a high availability of support but decide not to utilize it because of concerns about network members perception of their competence (Cohen   et al., 2000). when elderly individuals indicated that others were available to provide social support, the y were more likely to report greater use of proactive coping (Greengalss, Fliksenbaum, Eaton, 2006). However, the benefits of social support are most strongly related to the perception that support is available. In other words, the highest levels of well-being are found among people who believe that they have a high level of social support, regardless of how much support they receive or how many people they know (Karademas, 2006; Kim et al., 2000; Phillips et al., 2008).National study of economically stressed older adults shows that those who believed that no one would come to their aid in the future had the greatest number of depressive symptoms (Loue Sajatovic, 2008) and a higher level of support was reported in those who perceived the provider as supportive (Pierce et al., 1992). 2.2.2.2 Buffer against stressful life events Social support may act as a buffer against stressful life events and, thus, reduce exposure to the resultant cumulative pathological effects of stress. Alternatively, social support may be a constant, more generally available resource, across time and situations (Alan, Alison, Martha, Lawrence, Ian, 2007; Antonucci Akiyama, 2007).The two type of support are not mutually exclusive and may be viewed as complementary, there is evidence to support both types of effects. It should also be emphasized that the particular pathways or mechanisms by which social relationships affect well being likely depend upon the characteristics of the individual, his or her socioeconomic situation, the health outcome of interest, and the measure of social relationships (Rudkin, 2006). Murrell and Norris (1984) postulated that social support may not only buffer individuals from stressful life events, but may actually be important for the general maintenance of psychological well-being and life satisfaction in old age, independent of adversity or stress (Tho , 2001). Social support can act as a buffer to soften the effects of negative life occurrences, this might explain why some people maintain good health when exposed to stressful life events which would be expected to have a negative effect on health (Bowung , Farquha , Browne , 1991) and those older adults who are going through the loss of a loved one and have a strong social support system report a higher sense of life satisfaction and well-being (Gray , 2007). Coleman suggests that social relationships can act as a form of social insurance, provide communication and information networks, and create norms and sanctions that facilitate social action (Celia Lenore, 2004). 2.2.3 Structural Component of Support Support Network refers to objective characteristics of the network such as total network size (Janevic, Ajrouch, Merline, Akiyama, Antonucci, 2000; Antonucci, Lansford, Akiyama, Smith, Baltes, Takahashi, Fuhrer, Dartigues, 2002), the number of family members, age, sex, proximity, or frequency of contact with network members and living arrangements (Yoshida, Sauer, Tidwell, Skager, Sorenson, 1997). Social networks define as webs of relationships that link the individual directly and indirectly to other people. Social networks include friends and family, as well as familiarity. The size of a social network depends on the person , some people have large families and numerous friends, whereas others may have smaller families and smaller friendship networks (Phillips, 1986; Phillips et al., 2008; Quadhamer, 1999). The Properties of the person and situation significantly influence the structure of the individuals network. Since one occupies a large number of roles, such as child, spouse, and parent, it is natural that this is a time when there are numerous members of the support network, and that they differ widely in age and gender (Antonucci, Akiyama, Merline, 2001; Berke, 1991; Fiori, 2006). 2.2.3.1 Formal social support Formal social support is in many cases essential to an older adults well-being because it provides practical support that becomes increasingly dependent as a person ages. Formal support comes from those individuals and institutions one depends upon for services and assistance such as health care providers, social workers, case managers, shopkeepers, delivery persons, and others in institutional settings (Loue Sajatovic, 2008; Quadhamer, 1999). 2.2.3.2Informal social support There are several aspects of the structure of social networks that have received much attention in the literature on social relations and aging. Including family versus friend relationships, under the umbrella term of structural component is somewhat arbitrary, as this issue also touches on functional component. 2.2.3.3 Family versus Friends Informal Social Support systems are typically those supports such as family and friends and developed over a period of time through interactions with others (Nutt, 2001; Quadhamer, 1999). Informal support members are generally the primary caregivers to the older adult who needs assistance. Psychologically, social interactions with family and friends provide feedback to the individual regarding his/her social role and behavior (Rosenhand, 1999) and both of family and friends social support increase life satisfaction (Miller, 1997). The study of social relations must take into account that convoys of close friends and family members may be both pleasant and unpleasant, supportive and unsupportive (Antonucci Akiyama, 2007). Findings showed that, reliable alliance, or instrumental assistance, was more strongly related to well-being when provided by kin than by nonkin (Felton Berry, 1992). Surveys of elderly people have documented that the most frequently mentioned helpers are wives followed by daughters, particularly in the case of widowed parents (Bowung   et al., 1991). Couples who do not have children may intentionally develop strong relationships with relatives such as nephews and nieces because these relatives serve as informal support to them when children would otherwise assume support (Loue Sajatovic, 2008).   Social support, especially from children and family members, had a significant positive effect on the life satisfaction of older adults when support was provided at a low level. However, excessive support was found to diminish the sense of well-being in the elderly as well as wear away their autonomy and independence (Silverstein Bengtson, 1994). In fact, increasing contact with family members could be viewed by older adults as a sign of lost independence (Fiori, 2006). Older people who are married are much less likely to need formal supports, such as home nurse care or Meals on Wheels, than unmarried people. Family relationships, under normal circumstances, make an important contribution to well-being (Antonucci Akiyama, 2007) however, if the relationship is not supportive and positive, the opposite is true. In fact, intimate relationships that are not supportive, trusting, and loving have negative influences on the physical and mental health and overall well-being of the elderly. Additionally, the very old tend to have smaller circles of social support as many people have outlived spouses, other family members, friends, and sometimes even children (Loue Sajatovic, 2008). Although it is clear that families play important roles in the lives of older adults, providing sometimes extraordinary care giving efforts and instrumental help, friends are also invaluable resources. Indeed, research initially designed to examine the impact of family members alone often finds that the friends are mentioned as a significant support source (Antonucci Akiyama, 2007).The need for friendships among the elderly is self-evident (Hanafy, 1992).When confronting loneliness or needing assistance with social issues, older adults prefer friendships to family Social Support ( specifically spouses and children). The reasons that older adults prefer friendships to family in cases of emotional support are primarily due to sense of continuity with the past that friends can provide (Loue Sajatovic, 2008). Older people obtained a sense of emotional support from having intimate friendships with neighbors and friends and at least one child living close by with whom they have frequent contact (Loue Sajatovic, 2008).Friendships have significant positive effects on the mental health of the elderly (Antonucci Akiyama, 2007) and tend to be a matter of choice rather than birth. People choose friends because of shared interests and desire for contact and friendships share a form of reciprocity that may be absent in family relationships and reciprocity has a strong effect on the satisfaction level of seniors and their friendships (Loue Sajatovic, 2008). In one study of friendships among people over 60 year, 68% reported long-term friendship ties throughout their lives. There were some gender differences, with more than half the women reporting that they remained friends with a close friend from childhood or adolescence, whereas men showed high levels of continuity with close friendships developed at midlife. In one sample of people over 85 years old, it was found that more than half still had at least one close friend, and three-fourths were in weekly contact with people they considered their friends. Furthermore, almost half reported that they had made new friends after age 85, although the criteria for those friends tended to involve less expectation for intimacy or shared history than was common among younger people (Antonucci Akiyama, 2007). 2.3 Functional and Structural Support in elderly The findings from several studies suggest that the social network of elderly adultsmay differ from those of younger persons on a number of dimensions. In modem societies the networks of the aged are generally smaller than those of younger people. There is some controversy in the literature as to whether social networks of the aging decrease in size, frequency of contact with persons in the network, and degree of given and received support (Dorman, 2001). Gender It has been widely recognized that social networks among men and women differ in complex ways, particularly in relation to life stage (Antonucci et al., 2001). In terms of gender, women report providing more support, having more frequent contact with network members, being more satisfied with their friends, and having larger and more multifaceted social networks than do men (Fiori, Antonucci, Cortina, 2006). Male got more support from fa